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Avendonian (view source)

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{{Featured}}
{{Featured}}
: {{distinguish|Aewedanoan}}
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Flag of Avendonia square 2.png
|image            = Flag of Avendonia full.png
|imagesize        = 120px
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = Flag of Avendonia
|name              = Avendonian
|name              = Avendonian
|nativename        = avendoniano
|nativename        = avendoniano
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|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state            = Avendonia
|state            = Avendonia
|setting          = Alt-history Europe, Northern Italic Peninsula
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], Northern [[w:Italian Peninsula|Italian Peninsula]]
|created          = 2009
|created          = 2009
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|familycolor      = Indo-European
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|map              = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|map              = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Approximate borders of Avendonia
|mapcaption        = Rough borders of Avendonia
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}


'''Avendonian''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; <small>Avendonian:&nbsp;</small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano&#93;]]</span>) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions, after West Germanic merchants began travelling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.
'''Avendonian''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; <small>Avendonian:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano&#93;]]</span>) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after West Germanic merchants began traveling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.


While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.
While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The language name derives directly from the country it is spoken in, Avendonia. It makes reference to the Roman description of the Avendonian peoples, which were settled west of Rome; in the direction of the setting sun. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēbanþs|*ēbanþs]]'' (“evening”), it came to mean “sunset people” or “people of the setting sun”.
The language name derives directly from the country it is spoken in, Avendonia. It makes reference to the Roman description of the Avendonian peoples, which were settled west of Rome; in the direction of the setting sun. Ultimately from {{mn|gem-pro|*ēbanþs|t=evening}}, it came to mean “sunset people” or “people of the setting sun”.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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</center>
</center>
Non-native letters such as J, K, Q, Z, etc. may occur in some foreign words or proper nouns, chiefly in toponyms and given names. Yy is part of the alphabet of the Burgundian dialects of Avendonian, like in '''{{term|dydere}}'''.
Non-native letters such as Jj, Kk, Qq, Zz, etc. may occur in some foreign words or proper nouns, chiefly in toponyms and given names. Yy is part of the alphabet of the Burgundian dialects of Avendonian, like in '''{{term|dydere}}'''.


The letters correspond almost one to one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondance are:
The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
* The letters {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}. Examples: '''[[Contionary:cicare|cicare]]'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''[[Contionary:geldo|geldo]]'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
* {{angbr|t}} in the combination {{angbr|ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/.
* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/.
* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* {{angbr|i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.
* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|spra}}‑ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|or}}‑do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|bu.ˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.  
: '''{{term|spraca}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|spra}}‑ca)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}'''&nbsp;({{sc|or}}‑do)&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}'''&nbsp;(bu‑{{sc|ca}}‑ria)&nbsp;/{{IPA|buˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.  
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|elˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.paˈre‿te}}/
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive a secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|sob.ˌgrund.spor.ˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˌsur.sto.ˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|sobˌgrund.sporˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}'''&nbsp;/{{IPA|ˌsur.stoˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}}&nbsp;{{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: etc.
: etc.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''{{term|ca ga't|Ca ga't?}}''' from '''{{term|ga}}'''&nbsp;+&nbsp;'''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.


===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
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|}
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, like other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' “I speak Avendonian.”
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' “I speak Avendonian.”
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' “The dog which was tired sat down.”
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' “The dog which was tired sat down.”
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:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' “Please, send me a message when they arrive.”
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' “Please, send me a message when they arrive.”
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of [article] + [noun] + [possessive]. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives<br>must be written in the form of [article] + [noun] + [possessive]. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin|75%}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: '''El vagno mede.''' ‘My car’
::: '''El vagno mede.''' ‘My car’
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
'''Le sceiate side.''' ‘His/Her/Their stories’
'''Le sceiate side.''' ‘His/Her/Their stories’
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' “You lost your book? I can lend you mine.”
:: '''Pergatasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' “Did you forget your book? I can lend you mine.”
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second-person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' “Excuse me sir, what is your name?” (formal)
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' “Excuse me, sir, what is your name?” (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' “If you are lost, we can guide you.” (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' “If you are lost, we can guide you.” (formal)


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====Indeclinable adjectives====
====Indeclinable adjectives====
Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved placing before them the adverbs '''{{term|mere}}''' and '''{{term|mesto}}'''. Some of this adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. '''{{term|na}}''') or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. '''{{term|denemanti}}'''). '''Mesto''' however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.
Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved by placing before them the adverbs '''{{term|mere}}''' and '''{{term|mesto}}'''. Some of these adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. '''{{term|na}}''') or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. '''{{term|denemanti}}'''). '''Mesto''' however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
{{Col-n}}
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{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons, and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except for a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.


Avendonian classifies both weak and strong verbs in two conjugations, '''-are''' (first conjugation) and '''-ere''' (second conjugation). The former are the most prone to have [[w:ablaut|ablaut]], which changes the vowel of the stem in the perfect tenses.
Avendonian classifies both weak and strong verbs in two conjugations, '''-are''' (first conjugation) and '''-ere''' (second conjugation). The former are the most prone to have [[w:ablaut|ablaut]], which changes the vowel of the stem in the perfect tenses.


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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| laden
| laden
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
|}
|}
Notice:
Notice:
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* If the thematic vowel is {{angbr|a}}, then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is {{angbr|e}}, and vice versa.
* If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
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====Irregular verbs====
====Irregular verbs====
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses {{angbr|v}} instead of the expected {{angbr|u}}: '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.


'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
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Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
| colspan="2" | tense || colspan="6" | forms || etymology
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0;" | infinitive
! colspan="2" | infinitive  
| colspan="5" | {{term|sire}}
| colspan="6" | {{term|sire}}
| <ref name="h1es">Ultimately from {{mn|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}. Cognate with {{mn|de|sein}} and {{mn|nl|zijn}}.</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #95FFCB" | active participle
! colspan="2" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
| <ref name="wesanan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*wesaną}}.</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | passive participle
! colspan="2" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |  
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |  
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|}
|}
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
|-
|-
|-
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! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
! &nbsp;
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! style="background-color: #FFCA95" | present
! present
| bi
| bi
| bis
| bis
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| bites
| bites
| bin
| bin
| <ref name="beunan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*beuną}}.</ref>
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
! perfect
| va
| va
| vas
| vas
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| vates
| vates
| van
| van
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #B8B8FF" | imperfect
! imperfect
| era
| era
| eras
| eras
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| erates
| erates
| eran
| eran
| <ref name="sum">From {{mn|la|sum}}.</ref>
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | future
! future
| sirabo
| sirabo
| sirabes
| sirabes
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| sirabetes
| sirabetes
| siraben
| siraben
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="h1es" />
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | conditional
! conditional
| siraba
| siraba
| sirabas
| sirabas
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | present
! present
| si
| si
| sis
| sis
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| sin
| sin
|-
|-
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
! perfect
| vari
| vari
| varis
| varis
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| varites
| varites
| varin
| varin
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-
|-
!  colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | imperative
!  colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| &nbsp;
| si
| si
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| sin
| sin
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| &nbsp;
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify;font-size:3px" | &nbsp;
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify" | <references />
|}
|}
:::: {{legend|#ffb0b0|Ultimately from [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-|*h₁es-]]''. Cognate with [[w:German language|German]] ''[[wikt:sein#German|sein]]'' and [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] ''[[wikt:zijn#Dutch|zijn]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#95ffcb|From [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną|*wesaną]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#b8b8ff|From [[w:Latin language|Latin]] ''[[wikt:sum#Latin|sum]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#ffca95|From Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną|*beuną]]''.}}


====Periphrastic forms====
====Periphrastic forms====
Line 911: Line 927:


===Burgundian dialects===
===Burgundian dialects===
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs not longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, became {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave '''u''', '''i''' elsewhere, became '''uo''', '''ie''' in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of '''y''' /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').


The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
Line 943: Line 959:
* '''{{term|tovo}}'''
* '''{{term|tovo}}'''
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
===Genoese dialect===
===Genoese dialect===
The Avendonian variation spoken in Genoa (former Larastade), the capital city of Avendonia, and its surroundings is considered<sup><small>[''[[User:Sware|by who?]]'']</small></sup> a [[w:sociolect|sociolect]] rather than a fully-fledged dialect. Due to the historical importance of Genoa as a trading center, the local vernacular is more internationalized. As a result, the language is not as conservative, i.e. has a greater tolerance for loanwords, largely from Romance languages. Examples of this are Genoese '''{{term|machina}}''' in lieu of native '''{{term|vilo}}''', '''{{term|depresione}}''' vs. '''{{term|svarmuto}}''', etc.
The Avendonian variation spoken in Genoa (former Larastade), the capital city of Avendonia, and its surroundings is considered<sup><small>[''[[User:Sware|by who?]]'']</small></sup> a [[w:sociolect|sociolect]] rather than a fully-fledged dialect. Due to the historical importance of Genoa as a trading center, the local vernacular is more internationalized. As a result, the language is not as conservative, i.e. has a greater tolerance for loanwords, largely from Romance languages. Examples of this are Genoese '''{{term|machina}}''' which displaced native '''{{term|vilo}}''', '''{{term|depresione}}''' vs. '''{{term|svarmuto}}''', etc.


===North Adriatic dialect===
===North Adriatic dialect===
Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalization]]s exclusive to this dialect. This is seen in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').
Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalization]]s exclusive to this dialect. This is seen in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').


In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]], and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.
In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]] and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.


{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz]]'' → [{{IPA|a.ˈlǐ.kō}}] or [{{IPA|a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧}}].
: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈstǔ.lō}}] or [{{IPA|ˈstu˩˥.lo˧}}].
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''[[Contionary:uvilo#Adjective|uvilo]]''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz|*ubilaz]]'' → [{{IPA|u.ˈvı᷆.lo}}] or [{{IPA|u.ˈvi˨˩.lo}}].
: '''{{term|uvilo#Adjective|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*ubilaz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*fadēr]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈfa᷆.dre}}] or [{{IPA|ˈfa˨˩.dre}}].
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*fadēr|name=0}} → {{IPA|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}}
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.
Line 971: Line 986:
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|top='''El nordvinto e la suna stridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.'''
|top='''El nordvinto e la suna stridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.'''
|1=El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore
|El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore
|2=DEF.ART;M.SG {North Wind} CONJ DEF.ART-F.SG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;M.SG strong-COMP[M.SG] when INDF.ART-M.SG traveler  
|DEF.ART;MSG {North Wind} and DEF.ART-FSG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;MSG strong-COMP[MSG] when INDF.ART-MSG traveler  
|3=The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler
|The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler
|4=|display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no|ablist=COMP:comparative:comparison_(grammar)}}
<br>
<br>
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|1=encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o
|encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o
|2=PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-M.SG in INDF.ART-M.SG mantle warm-M.SG
|PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-MSG in INDF.ART-MSG mantle warm-MSG
|3={came along} wrapped in a cloak warm
|{came along} wrapped in a cloak warm
|4=|display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.''
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.''
===Lord's Prayer===
===Lord's Prayer===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin|40%}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
<poem>
:: elageto si el name tede;
Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
:: el cuningricio tede cume,
elageto si el name tede;
:: Si dueto el vile tede
el cuningricio tede cume,
:: en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
Si dueto el vile tede
:: Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
:: e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
:: ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
:: e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
:: sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
:: Amen.
sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
Amen.
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
<i>
<poem style="font-style: italic">
:: Our Father, who art in heaven,
Our Father, who art in heaven,
:: hallowed be thy name;
hallowed be thy name;
:: thy kingdom come,
thy kingdom come,
:: thy will be done
thy will be done
:: on earth as it is in heaven.
on earth as it is in heaven.
:: Give us this day our daily bread,
Give us this day our daily bread,
:: and forgive us our sins,
and forgive us our sins,
:: as we forgive those who sin against us;
as we forgive those who sin against us;
:: and lead us not into temptation,
and lead us not into temptation,
:: but deliver us from evil.
but deliver us from evil.
:: Amen.
Amen.
</i>
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


Line 1,018: Line 1,036:
* [https://pastebin.com/vdq4pvXV Official Avendonian dictionary, the ''Vortbuce Avendoniano'']
* [https://pastebin.com/vdq4pvXV Official Avendonian dictionary, the ''Vortbuce Avendoniano'']
* [https://t.me/vorti_avendoniani ‘Avendonian Word of the Day’ Telegram channel]
* [https://t.me/vorti_avendoniani ‘Avendonian Word of the Day’ Telegram channel]
* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|11973|17514}}
* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|21111|26363|21:01, 24 September 2023 (UTC)}}


[[Category:Avendonian language]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Fusional languages]]
[[Category:Avendonian language]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Fusional languages]]
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