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The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are:
* The letters {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
* The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
* {{angbr|t}} in the combination {{angbr|ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/.
* '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/.
* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* {{angbr|i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.
* The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|-
|+ <span class="nowrap">weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)</span>
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
&#32;
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;"
|-
|-
|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
! colspan="3" | active participle
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! colspan="3" | passive participle
! colspan="3" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |  
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |  
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
! !! masculine !! feminine
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| laden
| laden
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
|}
|}
Notice:
Notice:
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* If the thematic vowel is {{angbr|a}}, then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is {{angbr|e}}, and vice versa.
* If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.
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====Irregular verbs====
====Irregular verbs====
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses {{angbr|v}} instead of the expected {{angbr|u}}: '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.


'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
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Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold"
| colspan="2" | tense || colspan="6" | forms || etymology
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0;" | infinitive
! colspan="2" | infinitive  
| colspan="5" | {{term|sire}}
| colspan="6" | {{term|sire}}
| <ref name="h1es">Ultimately from {{mn|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}. Cognate with {{mn|de|sein}} and {{mn|nl|zijn}}.</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #95FFCB" | active participle
! colspan="2" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
| <ref name="wesanan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*wesaną}}.</ref>
|-
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | passive participle
! colspan="2" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |  
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |  
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|}
|}
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
|-
|-
|-
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! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural<br/>''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural<br/>''si''
! &nbsp;
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! style="background-color: #FFCA95" | present
! present
| bi
| bi
| bis
| bis
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| bites
| bites
| bin
| bin
| <ref name="beunan">From {{mn|gem-pro|*beuną}}.</ref>
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
! perfect
| va
| va
| vas
| vas
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| vates
| vates
| van
| van
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #B8B8FF" | imperfect
! imperfect
| era
| era
| eras
| eras
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| erates
| erates
| eran
| eran
| <ref name="sum">From {{mn|la|sum}}.</ref>
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | future
! future
| sirabo
| sirabo
| sirabes
| sirabes
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| sirabetes
| sirabetes
| siraben
| siraben
| rowspan="3" | <ref name="h1es" />
|-  
|-  
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | conditional
! conditional
| siraba
| siraba
| sirabas
| sirabas
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | present
! present
| si
| si
| sis
| sis
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| sin
| sin
|-
|-
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
! perfect
| vari
| vari
| varis
| varis
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| varites
| varites
| varin
| varin
| <ref name="wesanan" />
|-
|-
!  colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | imperative
!  colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| &nbsp;
| si
| si
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| sin
| sin
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| &nbsp;
| <ref name="h1es" />
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify;font-size:3px" | &nbsp;
|-
| colspan="9" style="border:none; background: white;text-align:justify" | <references />
|}
|}
:::: {{legend|#ffb0b0|Ultimately from {{mn|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}. Cognate with {{mn|de|sein}} and {{mn|nl|zijn}}.}}
:::: {{legend|#95ffcb|From {{mn|gem-pro|*wesaną}}.}}
:::: {{legend|#b8b8ff|From {{mn|la|sum}}.}}
:::: {{legend|#ffca95|From {{mn|gem-pro|*beuną}}.}}


====Periphrastic forms====
====Periphrastic forms====
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===Burgundian dialects===
===Burgundian dialects===
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, became {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave '''u''', '''i''' elsewhere, became '''uo''', '''ie''' in the Burgundian dialects&nbsp;–&nbsp;for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of '''y''' /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').


The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
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===Lord's Prayer===
===Lord's Prayer===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-begin|40%}}
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
<poem>
:: elageto si el name tede;
Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
:: el cuningricio tede cume,
elageto si el name tede;
:: Si dueto el vile tede
el cuningricio tede cume,
:: en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
Si dueto el vile tede
:: Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
:: e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
:: ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
:: e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
:: sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
:: Amen.
sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
Amen.
</poem>
{{col-n|2}}
{{col-n|2}}
<i>
<poem style="font-style: italic">
:: Our Father, who art in heaven,
Our Father, who art in heaven,
:: hallowed be thy name;
hallowed be thy name;
:: thy kingdom come,
thy kingdom come,
:: thy will be done
thy will be done
:: on earth as it is in heaven.
on earth as it is in heaven.
:: Give us this day our daily bread,
Give us this day our daily bread,
:: and forgive us our sins,
and forgive us our sins,
:: as we forgive those who sin against us;
as we forgive those who sin against us;
:: and lead us not into temptation,
and lead us not into temptation,
:: but deliver us from evil.
but deliver us from evil.
:: Amen.
Amen.
</i>
</poem>
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-end}}


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