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Avendonian: Difference between revisions
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The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | ||
* The letters | * The letters '''c''' and '''g''' make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by '''e''' or '''i'''. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/. | ||
* | * '''t''' in the combination '''ti''' makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/. | ||
* The combination | * The combination '''gn''' makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | ||
* | * '''i''' in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/. | ||
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] | * The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] '''sc''' before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, '''i''' and '''e''') makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/. | ||
* The digraph | * The digraph '''ch''' makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;" | {| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;" | ||
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | | rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”) | |+ class="nowrap" | weak 1<sup>st</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' (“to load”) | ||
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  |   | ||
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" | | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width: | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:80%;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”) | |+ class="nowrap" | weak 2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' (“to invite”) | ||
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* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''. | * The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''lad<u>a</u>s''' vs. '''lad<u>e</u>s'''. | ||
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix. | * Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix. | ||
* If the thematic vowel is | * If the thematic vowel is '''-a-''', then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is '''-e-''', and vice versa. | ||
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''. | * The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''. | ||
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms. | * Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms. | ||
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====Irregular verbs==== | ====Irregular verbs==== | ||
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof. | Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof. | ||
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses | In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses '''-v-''' instead of the expected '''-u-''': '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc. | ||
'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc. | '''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc. | ||
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Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given. | Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb ''to be'' is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" | ||
|- | |-style="background: #c8c8c8; font-weight:bold" | ||
| colspan="2" | tense || colspan="6" | forms || etymology | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | infinitive | ! colspan="2" | infinitive | ||
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===Burgundian dialects=== | ===Burgundian dialects=== | ||
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave | Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs no longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave '''u''', '''i''' elsewhere, became '''uo''', '''ie''' in the Burgundian dialects – for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of '''y''' /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}'''). | ||
The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/. | The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/. | ||
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===Lord's Prayer=== | ===Lord's Prayer=== | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin|40%}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
<poem> | |||
Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo, | |||
elageto si el name tede; | |||
el cuningricio tede cume, | |||
Si dueto el vile tede | |||
en la Erda ca bi en el Celo. | |||
Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde, | |||
e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde, | |||
ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos; | |||
e ne lede-nos en la persucitio, | |||
sed defriie nos d'el uvilo. | |||
Amen. | |||
</poem> | |||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
< | <poem style="font-style: italic"> | ||
Our Father, who art in heaven, | |||
hallowed be thy name; | |||
thy kingdom come, | |||
thy will be done | |||
on earth as it is in heaven. | |||
Give us this day our daily bread, | |||
and forgive us our sins, | |||
as we forgive those who sin against us; | |||
and lead us not into temptation, | |||
but deliver us from evil. | |||
Amen. | |||
</ | </poem> | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||