Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
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==Vowels== | ==Vowels== |
Revision as of 12:16, 4 February 2020
History
- Monophthongisation of diphthongs
- ai > ɛː; ei > eː; oi > oː; eu, ou > ɔː, au > aː
- Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
- short vowels lowered
- long vowels shortened
- Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
- voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
- voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
- m > ṽ
- s > h
- Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
- a > ā; e > ɛː; i > ī; o > ɔː; u > ū
- the change indicates that short e was /ɛ/ and short o was /ɔ/. The short high vowels i and u may similarly have been lowered to /ɪ/ and /ʊ/.
- Diphthonisation before CC or C + back vowel/a
- ɛː > ia
- ē > ie
- Vocalisation of ɣ and -h-
- ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
- ɣ > j after other vowels
- medial -h- (from s) becomes j between vowels
- final -h- (from s) is lost
- Merger of v, ṽ and w
- the quality of the new sound is unclear, but it is represented here by β
- vocalisation of βC > uC
- metathesis of Cβ as uC
- Metathesis of VrC > rVC
- new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
- Loss of vowel quantity
- all long vowels become short, creating a 10 vowel system.
- aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
- eː, oː create new short vowels e, o
- iː, uː create new short vowels i, u alongside existing ɪ, ʊ
- the new vowel system:
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
- Merger of near-high vowels
- ɪ > e and ʊ > o
- the sequence ɪjV becomes ijV (later ia)
- Iotisation
- semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
- tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
- does not affect bilabials p, b, m
- βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
- note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
- Merger of semivowels
- sequences ij, ji, uv, vu merge into a single vowel i or u
- iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
- ovi > oi
- Syncope
- intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
- Palatalisation
- consonants preceding i are palatalised
- t, d > ts, dz
- n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ
Examples
Brythonic | wisanteinos | brigantiːnos |
---|---|---|
Monopthongisation | wisanteːnos | brigantiːnos |
Vowel reduction | wisanteːnəs | brigantiːnəs |
Lenition | wihanteːnəs | briɣantiːnəs |
Comp. Lengthening | wihaːteːnəs | briɣaːtiːnəs |
Diphthonisation | wihaːtienəs | |
Vocalisation of ɣ, h | wijaːtienə | brijaːtiːnə |
Merger of v, ṽ, w | βijaːtienə | |
Methathesis of r | ||
Loss of vowel quantity | βijatienə | brijatinə |
Merger of high vowels | ||
Iotisation | βijaćenə | |
Merger of semivowels | βjaćenə | bŕatinə |
Syncope | βjaćnə | bŕatnə |
Palatalisation | ||
Bźatga | vjaćna | bźatna |
Vowels
PC | Brythonic | + Length | General | Initial | -w, -lC, -bC | -jC | j- | w- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | a | au | aCʲ | ja | va |
ā | ||||||||
ā | ā | ā | ||||||
au | ||||||||
ai | ɛː | ia1 ɛː2 |
ʲa | ja | jau | eCʲ | je | vja |
e | e | e | e | ve | ||||
e | ||||||||
ei | ē | ie1 ē2 |
ʲe | je | ʲeu | iCʲ | vje | |
ê | eu | i | vê | |||||
i | i | i | ||||||
ī | i | i | ju | vi | ||||
ī | ī | |||||||
o | o | o | o | o | ou | oCʲ | jo | vo |
ɔː | ||||||||
eu | ɔː | ɔː | ||||||
ou | ||||||||
oi | ō | ō | ô | vo | uCʲ | jô | vô | |
u | u | u | ||||||
ū | u | u | u | ju | u | |||
ū | ū | u |
- before a back vowel in next syllable
- before a front vowel in next syllable
Consonants
PC | Initial | +j | +i | Medial | +j | +i | Geminate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (kʷ) | p | pj | b | bj | p | ||
t | t | ć | ŝ | d | ģ | ẑ | t |
k | c | ć | g | ģ | c | ||
b (gʷ) | b | bj | v | j | b | ||
d | d | ģ | ẑ | z | ź | d | |
g | g | ģ | j/v | j | g | ||
m | m | mj | v | j | m | ||
n | n | ń | ń | n | ń | ń | n |
l | l | ĺ | ĺ | l | ĺ | ĺ | l |
r | r | ź | ź | r | ź / ŕ | ź / ŕ | r |
s | s | ś | ś | - | j | s | |
j | j-, - | ||||||
w | v, - | v | j |
Consonant Clusters
Inital | Medial | |
---|---|---|
tl | ĺ | zl |
tn | zn | |
tr | tr | dr |
tri, trj | ć | ģ |
kl | ĺ | ĺ |
kn | ń | ń |
kr | cr | gr |
ks | ś | |
kt | ć | |
dl | ĺ | zl |
dm | zv | |
dn | zn | |
dr | dr | zr |
gl | ĺ | ĺ |
gn | ń | ń |
gr | gr | ź |
lp, lt, lk | up, ut, uc | |
lb, ld, lg | v, l, v | |
mp, nt, nk | ~p, ~t, ~k | |
mb, nd, ng | ~b, ~d, ~g | |
rp, rt, rk | rVp, rVt, rVk | |
rb, rd, rg | rVv, rVz, rVv | |
sɸ, sw | zv | v |
st | śt | s |
sti, stj | ść | ś |
stl, str | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sk | śc | śc |
ski, skj | ść | ść |
skl, skr | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sm, sn | zn | _m, _n |
smi, sni | źńi | |
sl, sr | zl, zr | _l, _r |
sli, sri | źĺi, źi |