Bźatga/History: Difference between revisions
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==History== | ==History== | ||
===Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)=== | |||
* ''' | * '''Short vowels remain in stressed syllables:''' ''a, e, i, o, u'' | ||
* '''Long vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables:''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Proto-Celtic !! Common Brittonic | |||
|- | |||
| ''ā, au'' || ''aː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''ai'' || ''ɛː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''ei'' || ''eː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''eu, ou'' || ''ɔː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''ī'' || ''iː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''oi'' || ''oː'' | |||
|- | |||
| ''ū'' || ''uː'' | |||
|} | |||
* '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | * '''Reduction of pretonic & final vowels''' | ||
** short vowels lowered | ** short vowels lowered: ''o > ɔ'' (merges with ''a''), ''i'' > ''e'', ''u > o'' | ||
** long vowels shortened | ** long vowels shortened | ||
* '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s''''' | * '''Lenition of intervocalic stops, ''m'' & ''s''''' | ||
Line 11: | Line 29: | ||
** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | ** ''m'' > ''ṽ'' | ||
** ''s'' > ''h'' | ** ''s'' > ''h'' | ||
** ''st'' > ''ss'' | |||
===Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)=== | |||
Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written. | |||
* '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | * '''Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before ''n''C''' | ||
** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > | ** ''a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː'' | ||
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel''' | |||
* '''Diphthonisation before CC or C + | ** ''ɛː > ea > ia'' | ||
** '' | ** ''eː > ie'' | ||
** '' | ** ''ɔː > oa > ua'' | ||
* ''' | ** ''oː > uo'' | ||
** ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | * '''Vocalisation of ''ɣ''''' | ||
** ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels | ** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''w'' after ''o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)'' | ||
** Intervocalic ''ɣ'' > ''j'' after other vowels | |||
** ''ɣC > jC'' (note ''ɣj'' already ''j'') | |||
** ''Cɣ > Cw, Cj'' depending on the quality of the preceding vowel | |||
* '''Vocalisation of ''-h-''''' | |||
** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''. | ** medial ''-h-'' (from ''s'') becomes ''j'' before front vowels (''i, e'' etc), ''w'' before ''u'' and is lost before ''a, o''. | ||
*** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo'' | *** ''esa, eso'' > ''iːa, iːo'' | ||
*** ''ese, esi'' > '' | *** ''ese, esi'' > ''ɛːje, ɛːji'' | ||
** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost | ** final ''-h-'' (from ''s'') is lost | ||
* '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' | * '''Merger of ''v, ṽ'' and ''w'' | ||
** the | ** ''v'' (from PrC. ''b''), ''ṽ'' (from PrC. ''m'') and ''w'' (from PrC. ''w, g, h'') merge into a single sound, probably the bilabial fricative ''β'' | ||
** metathesis of C''β'' as ''u''C | |||
** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | ** vocalisation of ''β''C > ''u''C | ||
===Old Bźatga (8th to 12th centuries)=== | |||
Defined as the period from the first written records to the phonemicisation of iotisation. | |||
* '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | * '''Metathesis of V''r''C > ''r''VC''' | ||
** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | ** new ''mr-'' > ''br-'', ''nr-'' > ''dr-'' | ||
* '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | * '''Loss of vowel quantity''' | ||
** all long vowels become short, creating | ** all long vowels become short, creating an 8 vowel system. | ||
** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ'' | ** ''aː, ɛː, ɔː'' merge with their short counterparts, ''a, ɛ, ɔ'' | ||
** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'' | ** ''eː, oː'' create new short vowels ''e, o'', merging with existing ''ɪ, ʊ'' as ''ê, ô'' (note ''ɪj''V, ''uβ''V become ''ij''V, ''uβ''V. | ||
** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u | ** ''iː, uː'' create new short vowels ''i, u'' | ||
** the new vowel system: | ** the new vowel system: | ||
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<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | <!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
* '''Iotisation''' | * '''Iotisation''' | ||
** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ** semi-vowel ''j'' merges with adjacent consonant | ||
Line 111: | Line 137: | ||
** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | ** note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change. | ||
* '''Merger of semivowels | * '''Merger of semivowels | ||
** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', '' | ** sequences ''ij'', ''ji'', ''uβ'', ''βu'' merge into a single vowel ''i'' or ''u'' | ||
** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | ** ''i''V > ''j''V, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant | ||
** '' | ** ''oβi'' > ''oi'' | ||
===Middle Bźatga (12th to 16th centuries)=== | |||
Defined as the period in which syncope phonemicised iotised consonants to the period of renewed contact with the outside world. | |||
* '''Syncope''' | * '''Syncope''' | ||
** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | ** intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster. | ||
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** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz'' | ** ''t, d'' > ''ts, dz'' | ||
** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' | ** ''n, l, r'' > ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' | ||
===Modern Bźatga (16th century to Present)=== | |||
Following the Middle Bźatga period, phonology has remained fairly stable but there has been a significant amount of analogical levelling in the inflectional paradigms, along with a considerable growth in borrowed words, particularly of a scientific and technological nature. The modern period also saw the replacement of the archaic, formal written language with a vernacular form and the creation of the modern spelling system. | |||
====Examples==== | ====Examples==== |
Revision as of 13:49, 20 March 2021
History
Proto-Celtic to Common Brittonic (to 1st Century AD)
- Short vowels remain in stressed syllables: a, e, i, o, u
- Long vowels and diphthongs in stressed syllables:
Proto-Celtic | Common Brittonic |
---|---|
ā, au | aː |
ai | ɛː |
ei | eː |
eu, ou | ɔː |
ī | iː |
oi | oː |
ū | uː |
- Reduction of pretonic & final vowels
- short vowels lowered: o > ɔ (merges with a), i > e, u > o
- long vowels shortened
- Lenition of intervocalic stops, m & s
- voiceless stops p, t, k > voiced b, d, g
- voiced stops b, d, g > voiced fricatives v, ð (later z), ɣ
- m > ṽ
- s > h
- st > ss
Proto-Bźatga (1st to 8th Centuries)
Defined as the period after Bźatga split from Common Brittonic, before it was written.
- Compensatory Lengthening of vowels before nC
- a > ā; e > ɛː; i > eː; o > ɔː; u > oː
- Diphthonisation before CC or C + non-high vowel
- ɛː > ea > ia
- eː > ie
- ɔː > oa > ua
- oː > uo
- Vocalisation of ɣ
- Intervocalic ɣ > w after o(ː), ɔː, u(ː)
- Intervocalic ɣ > j after other vowels
- ɣC > jC (note ɣj already j)
- Cɣ > Cw, Cj depending on the quality of the preceding vowel
- Vocalisation of -h-
- medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
- esa, eso > iːa, iːo
- ese, esi > ɛːje, ɛːji
- final -h- (from s) is lost
- medial -h- (from s) becomes j before front vowels (i, e etc), w before u and is lost before a, o.
- Merger of v, ṽ and w
- v (from PrC. b), ṽ (from PrC. m) and w (from PrC. w, g, h) merge into a single sound, probably the bilabial fricative β
- metathesis of Cβ as uC
- vocalisation of βC > uC
Old Bźatga (8th to 12th centuries)
Defined as the period from the first written records to the phonemicisation of iotisation.
- Metathesis of VrC > rVC
- new mr- > br-, nr- > dr-
- Loss of vowel quantity
- all long vowels become short, creating an 8 vowel system.
- aː, ɛː, ɔː merge with their short counterparts, a, ɛ, ɔ
- eː, oː create new short vowels e, o, merging with existing ɪ, ʊ as ê, ô (note ɪjV, uβV become ijV, uβV.
- iː, uː create new short vowels i, u
- the new vowel system:
Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
Close |
| |||||
Near-close | ||||||
Close-mid | ||||||
Mid | ||||||
Open-mid | ||||||
Near-open | ||||||
Open |
- Iotisation
- semi-vowel j merges with adjacent consonant
- tj, kj > ć; dj, gj > ģ; s > ś; z > ź; l > ĺ; n > ń; r > ŕ
- does not affect bilabials p, b, m
- βj remains word-initially but becomes j medially.
- note that iotisation continues to work as a productive sound change.
- Merger of semivowels
- sequences ij, ji, uβ, βu merge into a single vowel i or u
- iV > jV, causing iotisation to the preceding consonant
- oβi > oi
Middle Bźatga (12th to 16th centuries)
Defined as the period in which syncope phonemicised iotised consonants to the period of renewed contact with the outside world.
- Syncope
- intervocalic, internal vowels are lost except where this would cause an impossible consonant cluster.
- Palatalisation
- consonants preceding i are palatalised
- t, d > ts, dz
- n, l, r > ń, ĺ, ŕ
Modern Bźatga (16th century to Present)
Following the Middle Bźatga period, phonology has remained fairly stable but there has been a significant amount of analogical levelling in the inflectional paradigms, along with a considerable growth in borrowed words, particularly of a scientific and technological nature. The modern period also saw the replacement of the archaic, formal written language with a vernacular form and the creation of the modern spelling system.
Examples
Brythonic | wesanteinos | brigantiːnos |
---|---|---|
Monopthongisation | wesanteːnos | brigantiːnos |
Vowel reduction | wesanteːnəs | brigantiːnəs |
Lenition | wehanteːnəs | briɣantiːnəs |
Comp. Lengthening | wehaːteːnəs | briɣaːtiːnəs |
Diphthonisation | wehaːtienəs | |
Vocalisation of ɣ, h | wiːaːtienə | brijaːtiːnə |
Merger of v, ṽ, w | βiːaːtienə | |
Methathesis of r | ||
Loss of vowel quantity | βiatienə | brijatinə |
Merger of high vowels | ||
Iotisation | βiaćenə | |
Merger of semivowels | βjaćenə | bŕatinə |
Syncope | βjaćnə | bŕatnə |
Palatalisation | ||
Bźatga | vjaćna | bźatna |
Vowels
PC | Brythonic | + Length | General | Initial | -w, -lC, -bC | -jC | j- | w- |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | a | au | aCʲ | ja | va |
ā | ||||||||
ā | ā | ā | ||||||
au | ||||||||
ai | ɛː | ia1 ɛː2 |
ʲa | ja | jau | eCʲ | je | vja |
e | e | e | e | ve | ||||
e | ||||||||
ei | ē | ie1 ē2 |
ʲe | je | ʲeu | iCʲ | vje | |
ê | eu | i | vê | |||||
i | i | i | ||||||
ī | i | i | ju | vi | ||||
ī | ī | |||||||
o | o | o | o | o | ou | oCʲ | jo | vo |
ɔː | ||||||||
eu | ɔː | ɔː | ||||||
ou | ||||||||
oi | ō | ō | ô | vo | uCʲ | jô | vô | |
u | u | u | ||||||
ū | u | u | u | ju | u | |||
ū | ū | u |
- before a back vowel in next syllable
- before a front vowel in next syllable
Consonants
PC | Initial | +j | +i | Medial | +j | +i | Geminate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p (kʷ) | p | pj | b | bj | p | ||
t | t | ć | ŝ | d | ģ | ẑ | t |
k | c | ć | g | ģ | c | ||
b (gʷ) | b | bj | v | j | b | ||
d | d | ģ | ẑ | z | ź | d | |
g | g | ģ | j/v | j | g | ||
m | m | mj | v | j | m | ||
n | n | ń | ń | n | ń | ń | n |
l | l | ĺ | ĺ | l | ĺ | ĺ | l |
r | r | ź | ź | r | ź / ŕ | ź / ŕ | r |
s | s | ś | ś | - | j | s | |
j | j-, - | ||||||
w | v, - | v | j |
Consonant Clusters
Inital | Medial | |
---|---|---|
tl | ĺ | zl |
tn | zn | |
tr | tr | dr |
tri, trj | ć | ģ |
kl | ĺ | ĺ |
kn | ń | ń |
kr | cr | gr |
ks | ś | |
kt | ć | |
dl | ĺ | zl |
dm | zv | |
dn | zn | |
dr | dr | zr |
gl | ĺ | ĺ |
gn | ń | ń |
gr | gr | ź |
lp, lt, lk | up, ut, uc | |
lb, ld, lg | v, l, v | |
mp, nt, nk | ~p, ~t, ~k | |
mb, nd, ng | ~b, ~d, ~g | |
rp, rt, rk | rVp, rVt, rVk | |
rb, rd, rg | rVv, rVz, rVv | |
sɸ, sw | zv | v |
st | śt | s |
sti, stj | ść | ś |
stl, str | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sk | śc | śc |
ski, skj | ść | ść |
skl, skr | sl, sr | sl, sr |
sm, sn | zn | _m, _n |
smi, sni | źńi | |
sl, sr | zl, zr | _l, _r |
sli, sri | źĺi, źi |