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'''Dhannuá''' (''dhannuá bhlóar'' [[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈbʱloaːr]]] or ''dhannuá aurónar'' [[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar]]]), also known as '''Aurónian''' is a [[Lúsanic languages| Lúsanic]] language, itself a branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in the archipelago of Aurónar. It is a continuation of [[Middle Dhannuá]], the official language used by courts during the [[Lúreian kingdom]], which in turn descends from the insular [[Old_Dhannuá#Dánair |Dánair]] dialect of [[Old Dhannuá]], spoken during the [[Lúsan Empire]].
'''Dhannuá''' (''dhannuá bhlóar'' [[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈbʱloːar]]] or ''dhannuá aurónar'' [[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar]]]), also known as '''Aurónian''' is a [[Lúsanic languages| Lúsanic]] language, itself a branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in the archipelago of Aurónar. It is a continuation of [[Middle Dhannuá]], the official language used by courts during the [[Second Kingdom]], which in turn descends from the insular [[Old_Dhannuá#Dánair |Dānaiza]] dialect of [[Old Dhannuá]], spoken during the [[Sawelis Empire]].


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Dhannuá
|name = Dhannuá
|creator = User:Chrysophylax
|nativename = Dhannuá Aurónar
|nativename = Dhannuá Aurónar
|pronunciation = [[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar]]]
|pronunciation = ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar
|pronunciation_key = User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá
|region = Eurasia
|region = Eurasia
|states = The Island States of Aurónar
|states = The Island States of Aurónar
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|ancestor = Old Dhannuá (Insular)
|ancestor = Old Dhannuá (Insular)
|ancestor2 = Middle Dhannuá
|ancestor2 = Middle Dhannuá
|iso1 = dh
|clcr = qdh
|iso2 = dha
|script        = Latn
|iso3 = qdh
|agency        = [[Cósseneir Dhannuáor Aurónár]] (Council of The Language of Aurónar)
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Dhannuá alphabet]])
|agency        = [[Cósseneir Dhannuáor Aurónar]] (Council of The Language of Aurónar)
}}
}}


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==Background==
==Background==
Dhannuá was conceived in my mind when I decided to properly experiment with an Indo-European lexical and grammatical root stock. I draw inspiration from the Celtic family, the Italic and personal linguaesthetic preferences. It is an attempt to create a naturalistic, modern language of the Indo-European language family.
Dhannuá was conceived in my mind when I decided to mess around with Indo-European lexical and grammatical root stock. It is my first attempt at creating a modern Indo-European conlang and it shows, in many aspects!


==Classification==
Dhannuá (and its immediate relatives) belong to the [[wikipedia:Centum-satem isogloss|centum]] grouping of IE languages, that is, they have merged the palatal and the plain plosive series.
 
Descending from a central Proto-Indo-European dialect spoken thousands of years ago Dhannuá is the sole extant member of the Dhannic group in the [[Lúsanic languages|Lúsanic branch]] of Indo-European. Various attempts to classify it as Celtic, Italic or even as a variant of Scythian have proven unsuccessful. Having performed the merger of palatal/plain stops, Dhannuá is categorised as a centum language.
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{{Main|Dhannuán phonology}}
{{Main|Dhannuán phonology}}
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<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">{{IPA|i}}</div>
i</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">{{IPA|u}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>


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(ɪ)</div>
{{IPA|(ɪ)}}</div>
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<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:2.66em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɪ̈)</div>
{{IPA|(ɪ̈)}}</div>


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(e)</div>
{{IPA|(e)}}</div>


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e̞</div>
{{IPA|e̞}}</div>


<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o̞</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:2.66em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">{{IPA|o̞}}</div>


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<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
a</div>
{{IPA|a}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
(ɑ)</div>
{{IPA|(ɑ)}}</div>
|}
|}
</div></div>
</div></div>
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== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
{{Main|Dhannuán grammar}}
{{Main|Dhannuán grammar}}
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Like many other Lúsanic languages Dhannúa has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure. Although there has been considerable change, certain words remain relatively unchanged from their theorised ancestor, such as the word for flower ''bhlór'' (reconstructed [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|'''PIE''':]]''*Bʰleh³-os'').
Dhannúa, or as it has been more recently called '''Aurónian''', has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure in both its nouns and in its verbs.  
 
Pronouns, nouns, adjectives, and certain numerals decline (for case, number and often gender), while verbs conjugate for person and tense. The majority of nouns can be regularly inflected for six cases, a scarce few for a seventh, and adjectives generally agree with their headwords.
 
As the grammar seems to be undergoing quite a marked change in the common vernacular, certain word forms may be exceedingly rare to encounter in spoken form. Gender agreement for adjectives appears to be simplifying to a simple animate-inanimate category.
 
===Morphology===
===Morphology===
====Noun====
====Noun====
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There are two [[w:Grammatical number|numbers]] - singular and plural - although certain words are only encountered in one of these. [[w:Grammatical gender|Grammatical gender]] appears to be in process of disappearing from the language, Dhannuá originally having had three - masculine, feminine, neuter - but now tendencies to merge the first two in adjectives and referents are becoming increasingly prevalent in certain forms of the spoken language, while morphologically the neuter has in many cases merged with the feminine, giving many "feminine" nouns for historical neuters, e.g. ''áranna'' 'a question'.  
There are two [[w:Grammatical number|numbers]] - singular and plural - although certain words are only encountered in one of these. [[w:Grammatical gender|Grammatical gender]] appears to be in process of disappearing from the language, Dhannuá originally having had three - masculine, feminine, neuter - but now tendencies to merge the first two in adjectives and referents are becoming increasingly prevalent in certain forms of the spoken language, while morphologically the neuter has in many cases merged with the feminine, giving many "feminine" nouns for historical neuters, e.g. ''áranna'' 'a question'.  


{| class="wikitable" style="background:#F0F0F0"
=====Nominative=====
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="6" | '''Example declension'''
As Dhannuá is a nominative-accusative language, the nominative ({{sc|nom}}) is used for the argument of intransitive verbs (subject) and for the agent in transitive verbs.
|-
 
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" |  ''Gloss'' || style="background:#99CCFF" colspan ="5" |  <span style="color:#008000">flower</span>
In an intransitive sentence:
|-
:''Reidhadh aicuir '''riaros úiru'''.''
! style="background:#8691FF" colspan="0" | Number || style="background:#8691FF" colspan="2" | Singular || style="background:#8691FF" colspan="2" | Plural
:: “''The red man'' rides quickly.”
|-
 
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Nominative (anómaniú)
In a transitive sentence:
| colspan="2" | bhlór || colspan="2" | bhleir
:''Reidhadh supermarcetann úennan '''úiru'''.''
|-
:: “''The man'' rides the woman to the supermarket.”
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Genitive (niriú)
 
| colspan="2" | bhlóar || colspan="2" | bhlóru
=====Accusative=====
|-
 
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Dative (datiú)
The accusative ({{sc|acc}}) is used for the object of a transitive verb and also in certain expressions of time. Finally, it is also used to indicate the goal of verbs of motion.
| colspan="2" | bhlód || colspan="2" | bhléd
 
|-
Marked on the object of a transitive verb:
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Accusative (acusatiú)
:''Dhúmadh '''abhlonn''' so.''
| colspan="2" | bhlónn || colspan="2" | bhlóranna
:: “He is smoking ''an apple''.”
|-
 
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Essive (issóiú)
In a fix time expression:
| colspan="2" | bhlóta || colspan="2" | bhlóradh
:''Ísdh '''nósann''' so!''
|-
:: “''Tonight'' it is!”
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Comitative (ueiú)
 
| colspan="2" | bhlórúe || colspan="2" | bhleirúe
As the goal of a verb of motion:
|-
:''Reidhadh '''supermarcetann''' úennan úiru.''
! style="background:#99CCFF" colspan="1" | Instrumental (aissiú)
:: “The man rides the woman ''to the supermarket''.”
| colspan="2" | bhlóri || colspan="2" | bhlórí
 
|-
=====Genitive=====
|}
The genitive ({{sc|gen}}) is used to indicate a relationship of sorts between nouns, for possession, after most prepositions, and yet again in certain time expressions.
 
Indicating a relationship:
:''Ísdh sa dhannuá '''Súalannu'''!''
:: “That is the language ''of Swedes''”
 
Indicating possession:
 
:''Ísdh sa penna sar '''úennor'''.''
:: “That's the woman's pen.”
 
After a preposition:
:''Bhúirann bhuanna palann í '''Sinaror'''.''
:: “They found a plain in Shinar.”
 
In a time expression:
:''Bhúi bhresso scolann ía '''Iathassiár'''.''
:: “I walked to school last Thursday.”


====Verb====
====Verb====
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|-
|-
|they||-annad
|they||-annad
|-
|}
=====Past tense=====
There are several past tenses which differ in their aspect state.
'''Past I'''
The first past tense is used for events that occurred in the past without a specified end. It is formed morphologically by affixing ''-ir-'' to the naked consonantal stem and then the appropriate person endings.
{| class="wikitable
!person||suffix
|-
|I||-ira
|-
|thou||-ira
|-
|he||-iradh
|-
|we||-irim, -irin
|-
|you||-iradh
|-
|they||-irann
|-
|}
If the verb stem ends in a vowel, it is lengthened before adding ''-r-''.
{| class="wikitable
!person||''sessedh'' “to sit”
|-
|I||sesséra
|-
|thou||sesséra
|-
|he||sesséradh
|-
|we||sessérim, sessérin
|-
|you||sesséridh
|-
|they||sessérann
|-
|-
|}
|}
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# Indirect object
# Indirect object
# Direct object
# Direct object
# Subject
# Location descriptor
# Location descriptor
# Time descriptor
# Time descriptor
# Subject
'''Notes'''
'''Notes'''
* <small>1. Usually, if the verb begins with a vowel, the negation ''ne'' is procliticised onto the verb,  e.g. '''''an'''úidannad an tódh?'' 'Don't they know that?' and loses stress.</small>
* <small>1. Usually, if the verb begins with a vowel, the negation ''ne'' is procliticised onto the verb,  e.g. '''''an'''úidannad an tódh?'' 'Don't they know that?' and loses stress.</small>
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<!-- Categories -->
<!-- Categories -->
[[Category:Languages]] <!-- Article content -->
[[Category:Languages]] <!-- Article content -->
[[Category:Conlangs]] <!-- Naturalness status -->
[[Category:Languages]] <!-- Naturalness status -->
[[Category:Lúsanic_languages]] <!-- Genetic family -->
[[Category:Lúsanic_languages]] <!-- Genetic family -->
[[Category:Dhannuá]] <!-- Topic category -->
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