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**Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | **Shared with Catalan and Portuguese. | ||
**E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | **E.g. IUVENE(M) > ''joven'' /ˈdʒoven/ "young" (Catalan ''jove'', Portuguese ''jovem'' vs. Spanish ''joven'', Asturian ''xoven'', Galician ''xove'', Aragonese ''choven'') | ||
*Intervocalic -I-, -DI- become /j/. | *Intervocalic -I-, -DI- usually become /j/. | ||
**Differs from Catalan | **Differs from Catalan. However, there are many exceptions to this pattern. | ||
**E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | **E.g. MAIORE(M) > ''mayor'' /maˈjor/ "bigger" (Spanish, Asturian ''mayor'', Galician/Portuguese ''maior'' vs Catalan ''major''). | ||
:::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | :::HODIE > ''wey'' /wej/ "today" (Spanish ''hoy'', Asturian, Aragonese ''güe'', Catalan ''avui'' vs Portuguese ''hoje'', Galician ''hoxe''). | ||
:::FUGĪRE > ''fugir'' /fuˈʒiɾ/ "to flee" (Catalan, Portuguese ''fugir'', Asturian, Galician ''fuxir'' vs Spanish ''huir''). | |||
*Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | *Diphthongization of stressed Ŏ & Ĕ to /we/ and /je/. | ||
**Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | **Shared with Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Spanish (except before yod),Catalan (only before yod). | ||
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*Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | *Most masculine words ending in a consonant form their plural in ''-os''. | ||
**Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | **Shared (to a limited extent) with Catalan. | ||
*Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/. | *Final -TIS in second person plural verbs became /θ/ (through intermediate stage /ts/). | ||
**Shared with Aragonese. | **Shared with Aragonese. | ||
*-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | *-B- in imperfect preserved as /v/ in all verb classes. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tenses and moods==== | ====Tenses and moods==== | ||
Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | Verbs conjugate in the following tenses and moods: | ||
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles | ¹ ''-er'' verbs may form their past participle in ''-ut'' instead of ''-it'' (this is considered archaic). Additionally, many ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs have irregular past participles, which may or may not coexist with regular forms. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ² Becomes ''-endo'' after palatal consonants. Merges with preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-yendo''.--> | ||
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¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ¹ The final ''-e'' in the 3S present of ''-er'' and ''-ir'' verbs is dropped after certain consonants. | ||
<!-- | |||
² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''. | ² When an ending begins in a rising diphthong (''-i-'' + vowel), ''-i-'' is dropped after palatal consonants and merges with a preceding ''-w-'' to form ''-y-''.--> | ||
====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ====='''Simple tenses (subjunctive)'''===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!3P | !3P | ||
| - | | -on | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| gü || gu || | | gü || gu || | ||
|} | |} | ||
:Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | :Note that many verbs ending in ''-cer, -cir, -ger, -gir'' irregularly maintain their spelling in the 1S present indicative with the corresponding pronunciation change. | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
*There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | *There are various verbs ending in ''-uyir/-uwir''. These verbs, as well as ''oyir/owir'' "to hear" have two forms: a mostly regular form in ''-yir'', and a form in ''-wir'' with an irregular present indicative in the 1S and a present subjunctive where the ''-w-'' is replaced with ''-y-''.--> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1P | ! 1P | ||
| son || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | | son/sen || yeren || fuen || serén || sereven || fueren | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2P | ! 2P | ||
| soz || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | | soz/sez || yérez || fuez || serez || serévez || fuérez | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| an || even || | | an || even || ovon || avrán || avreven || overen | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| fan || feven || | | fan || feven || fichon || farán || fareven || ficeren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 3P | ! 3P | ||
| dicen || diven || | | dicen || diven || dixon || dirán || direven || dixeren | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||