Folksprak: Difference between revisions

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| color=#F00C1A
| color=#F00C1A
| population= 110  
| population= 110  
| genders = 0
| genders = 0 (3rd-sg pronouns)
| cases= 0
| cases= 0 (except on pronouns)
| word-order= V2
| word-order= V2
| Type= Fusional
| Type= Fusional
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| flag=Flag of Folkspraak.svg
| flag=Flag of Folkspraak.svg
}}
}}
http://folksprak.org


== Anthropology ==
== Anthropology ==
{{Main|Folksprak/Anthropology}}
The language can easily be understood by any speaker of a Germanic language (a group numbering over 110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native speaker of German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Afrikaans, Yiddish or some other Germanic language, can understand a sentence like {{Rune|ᛁᛣᛣ ᚻᚪᚹ ᛋᛣᚱᛁᚹᛏ ᛖᚾ ᛞᛖ ᛒᚢᛣ}}/Ik hav skrivt en de buk with little or no thought.
The language can easily be understood by any speaker of a Germanic language (a group numbering over 110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native speaker of German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Afrikaans, Yiddish or some other Germanic language, can understand a sentence like {{Rune|ᛁᛣᛣ ᚻᚪᚹ ᛋᛣᚱᛁᚹᛏ ᛖᚾ ᛞᛖ ᛒᚢᛣ}}/Ik hav skrivt en de buk with little or no thought.


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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{{Main|Folksprak/Phonology}}
The rhotic varies across the region, and '''h''' is sometimes voiced, but neither of these pose a problem to intelligibility.  Icelandic-speakers would have to learn the traditional voiced-unvoiced distinction whatever language they wanted to learn!   
The rhotic varies across the region, and '''h''' is sometimes voiced, but neither of these pose a problem to intelligibility.  Icelandic-speakers would have to learn the traditional voiced-unvoiced distinction whatever language they wanted to learn!   


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== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
{{Main|Folksprak/Orthography}}
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today.  There are, in fact, many such letters which would be needed for place names around Europe. {{Rune|ᛊ}}/'''Z''', {{Rune|ᛢ}}/'''Q''', {{Rune|ᛝ}}/'''Ŋ''', and {{Rune|ᚦ}}/'''Þ''' are not productive and part of "historic" name spellings only.  Swedish /ɧ/ may be written {{Rune|ᚺ}}.  (Other "old" letters include {{Rune|ᛠ}}/'''Ä''', {{Rune|ᚫ}}/'''Æ''', {{Rune|ᛡ}}/'''Ï''', {{Rune|ᛥ}}/'''ST''', {{Rune|ᚸ}}/'''Ȝ''', and {{Rune|ᛤ}}/'''KK'''.)
English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today.  There are, in fact, many such letters which would be needed for place names around Europe. {{Rune|ᛊ}}/'''Z''', {{Rune|ᛢ}}/'''Q''', {{Rune|ᛝ}}/'''Ŋ''', and {{Rune|ᚦ}}/'''Þ''' are not productive and part of "historic" name spellings only.  Swedish /ɧ/ may be written {{Rune|ᚺ}}.  (Other "old" letters include {{Rune|ᛠ}}/'''Ä''', {{Rune|ᚫ}}/'''Æ''', {{Rune|ᛡ}}/'''Ï''', {{Rune|ᛥ}}/'''ST''', {{Rune|ᚸ}}/'''Ȝ''', and {{Rune|ᛤ}}/'''KK'''.)
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|}
|}


== Morphology ==
== Morphophonology ==
* definite article {{C|ᛞᛖ}}/de
{{Main|Folksprak/Morphophonology}}
* indefinite article {{C|ᛖᚾ}}/en, same as 'one' (different vowel length)
* definite article {{term|ᛞᛖ}}/de
* possessive (genitive) ending {{C|-ᛋ}}/s
* indefinite article {{term|ᛖᚾ}}/en, same as 'one' (different vowel length)
* plural ending {{C|-ᛖᚾ}}/en (pronounced enn)
* possessive (genitive) ending {{term|-ᛋ}}/s
* plural ending {{term|-ᛖᚾ}}/en (pronounced enn)
* Adjectives do not inflect for number, gender, or case
* Adjectives do not inflect for number, gender, or case
* comparative adjective ending {{C|-ᛖᚱ}}/er (pronounced err)
* comparative adjective ending {{term|-ᛖᚱ}}/er (pronounced err)
* superlative adjective ending {{C|-ᛖᛋᛏ}}/est
* superlative adjective ending {{term|-ᛖᛋᛏ}}/est
* ordinal number suffix {{C|-ᛞᛖ}}/de
* ordinal number suffix {{term|-ᛞᛖ}}/de
  {{C|ᛗᚪᚾᚾ}}mann  ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾmannen
  {{term|ᛗᚪᚾᚾ}}mann  ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾmannen
  ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛋmanns ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾᛋmannens
  ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛋmanns ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾᛋmannens


== Word order ==
== Morphosyntax ==
{{Main|Folksprak/Morphosyntax}}
# the Subject may not be separated from the finite verb by any other word.  
# the Subject may not be separated from the finite verb by any other word.  
# the ordinary position for the verb in a declarative sentence is as second element and in imperatives or questions as the first element.   
# the ordinary position for the verb in a declarative sentence is as second element and in imperatives or questions as the first element.   
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! rowspan="4" | Singular
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛁᛣᛣ}}}} '''ikk''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᚢ}}}} '''du''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁ}}}} '''hi''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁ}}}} '''si''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{No}}
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛣᛣ}}}} '''ikk''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᚢ}}}} '''du''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁ}}}} '''hi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁ}}}} '''si''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{No}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛗᛁᚾ}}}} '''min''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛁᚾ}}}} '''din''' || rowspan="2" | {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁᛋᛋ}}}} '''hiss''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁᚱ}}}} '''hir''' || rowspan="2" |  {{Rune|{{C|ᛁᛏᛋ}}}} '''its''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁᚾ}}}} '''min''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁᚾ}}}} '''din''' || rowspan="2" | {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᛋᛋ}}}} '''hiss''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱ}}}} '''hir''' || rowspan="2" |  {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛋ}}}} '''its''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin'''
|-
|-
! Poss.
! Poss.
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛗᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''mins''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''dins''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''hirs''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''mins''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''dins''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''hirs''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛗᛁ}}}} '''mi''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛁ}}}} '''di''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁᛗᛗ}}}} '''himm''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᛁᚱᚱ}}}} '''hirr''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁ}}}} '''mi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁ}}}} '''di''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᛗᛗ}}}} '''himm''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱᚱ}}}} '''hirr''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! Nominative
! Nominative
| {{Rune|{{C|ᚹᛁ}}}} '''vi''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛄᛁ}}}} '''ji'''  
| {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᛁ}}}} '''vi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᛁ}}}} '''ji'''  
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛖᛁ}}}} '''dei'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁ}}}} '''dei'''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| {{Rune|{{C|ᚢᚱ}}}} '''ur''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛄᚢᚱ}}}} '''jur'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᚱ}}}} '''ur''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢᚱ}}}} '''jur'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛖᛁᚱ}}}} '''deir'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁᚱ}}}} '''deir'''
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin'''
|-
|-
! Poss.
! Poss.
| {{Rune|{{C|ᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''urs''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛄᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''jurs'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''urs''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''jurs'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛖᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''deirs'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''deirs'''
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins'''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| {{Rune|{{C|ᚢᛋ}}}} '''us''' || {{Rune|{{C|ᛄᚢ}}}} '''ju'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᛋ}}}} '''us''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢ}}}} '''ju'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᛖᛗᛗ}}}} '''demm'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛗᛗ}}}} '''demm'''
| {{Rune|{{C|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig'''
| {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig'''
|}
|}


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** {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}'''vare''' - infin.; {{Rune|ᚪᚱ}}'''ar''' - pres.; {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱ}}'''var''' - imper.,preterite;  
** {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}'''vare''' - infin.; {{Rune|ᚪᚱ}}'''ar''' - pres.; {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱ}}'''var''' - imper.,preterite;  
* Auxiliaries abound, normally with infin., but sometimes past part.
* Auxiliaries abound, normally with infin., but sometimes past part.
** {{Rune|{{C|ᚹᛁᛚᛚᛖ}}}}'''ville''' + infin. = future
** {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᛁᛚᛚᛖ}}}}'''ville''' + infin. = future
** {{Rune|{{C|ᚻᚪᚹᛖ}}}} '''have''' + PP = perfect
** {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᚪᚹᛖ}}}} '''have''' + PP = perfect
** {{Rune|{{C|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}}} '''vare''' + PP  = passive
** {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}}} '''vare''' + PP  = passive
** {{Rune|{{C|ᛞᚢᚱᚠᛖ}}}}'''durfe''' to be allowed
** {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᚢᚱᚠᛖ}}}}'''durfe''' to be allowed
** {{Rune|{{C|ᛣᚢᚾᚾᛖ}}}} '''kunne''' can
** {{Rune|{{term|ᛣᚢᚾᚾᛖ}}}} '''kunne''' can
** {{Rune|{{C|ᛗᚪᚷᛖ}}}} '''mage''' might, may
** {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᚪᚷᛖ}}}} '''mage''' might, may
** {{Rune|{{C|ᛗᛟᛏᛖ}}}} '''møte''' must
** {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛟᛏᛖ}}}} '''møte''' must
** {{Rune|{{C|ᚳᚢᛚᛚᛖ}}}} '''culle''' should
** {{Rune|{{term|ᚳᚢᛚᛚᛖ}}}} '''culle''' should




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Adverb making suffix: -{{Rune|ᛚᛁᛣ}}'''lik''' (cp. English -ly).  Elatives need {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᚱ]]}}'''mer''' more and {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᛋᛏ]]}}'''mest''' most
Adverb making suffix: -{{Rune|ᛚᛁᛣ}}'''lik''' (cp. English -ly).  Elatives need {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᚱ]]}}'''mer''' more and {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᛋᛏ]]}}'''mest''' most
== Lexicography ==
{{Main|Folksprak/Lexicography}}
see also [[Folksprak/Swadesh]]


[[Category:Folksprak]]
[[Category:Folksprak]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

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