Gathrírn: Difference between revisions

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|name = Gathrírn
|name = Gathrírn
|nativename = Gathrírn
|nativename = Gathrírn
|pronunciation = [gaˈθɾin]
|pronunciation = gaˈθɾin
|region =
|created = 2013
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = -
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Constructed language
|familycolor = Constructed language
|fam1 =
|script1        = Latn
|fam2 =  
|creator       = User:Ashucky
|ancestor =
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 =
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        =
}}
}}


'''Gathrín''' is an ''a priori'' language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.  
'''Gathrírn''' is an ''a priori'' language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.  


<!--  
<!--  
Line 56: Line 46:
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; "|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 68px; "|
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial
! colspan="4" |Labial
! style="width: 68px; " |Labio-dental
! rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; " |Dental
! style="width: 68px; " |Dental
! colspan="4" |Alveolar
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar
! colspan="2" |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Post-alveolar
! colspan="4" |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" style="width: 50px; " |Glottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 68px; " |Pharyngeal
! style="width: 68px; " |Epiglottal
! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
|-
|-
! style="" |Nasal
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Plain</small>
|  
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Palat.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Labial.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Gemin.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Plain</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Palat.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Labial.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Gemin.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Plain</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Labial.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Plain</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Palat.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Labial.</small>
! style="width: 50px; " | <small>Gemin.</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nasal !! <small>Voiced</small>
| m
| mʲ
| mʷ
| m:
|  
|  
| n
|  
|  
| nʷ
| n:
| ɲ
|  
|  
| ŋ
| colspan="3" |
|  
|  
|-
! <small>Voiceless</small>
| m̥
| colspan="3" |
|  
|  
| n̥
| colspan="3" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="4" |
|  
|  
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive !! <small>Voiced</small>
| b
| bʲ
| bʷ
| b:
|  
|  
| d
|  
|  
| dʷ
| d:
| ɟ
|  
|  
| g
|  
|  
| gʷ
| g:
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Plosive
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|  
| p
|  
| pʲ
|  
| pʷ
| p:
|  
|  
| t
|  
|  
| tʷ
| t:
| c
|  
|  
| k
|  
|  
| kʷ
| k:
|  
|  
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative !! <small>Voiced</small>
| colspan="4" |
| ð
| z
|  
|  
| zʷ
|  
|  
| ʑ
|  
|  
| ɣ
| colspan="3" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
| f
|
| fʲ
|
| ɸ
|  
| f:
|  
| θ
|  
| s
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| sʷ
| s:
| ɕ
|  
|  
| x
|  
|  
| colspan="2" |
| h
|-
|-
! style="" |Affricate
! rowspan="2" |Approximant !! <small>Voiced</small>
|  
| ʋ
|  
| ʋʲ
|  
| colspan="2" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="4" |
| j
| ɥ
| colspan="2" |
| w
| 
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Approximant
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="4" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| colspan="4" |
| j̊
|  
|  
| colspan="2" |
| ʍ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Trill
! Trill !! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="4" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| r̥
|  
|  
| r̥ʷ
|  
|  
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="4" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Flap or tap
! Flap or tap !! <small>Voiced</small>
|  
| colspan="4" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| ɾ
| ɾʲ
| ɾʷ
|  
|  
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="4" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral fric.
! rowspan="2" |Lateral app. !! <small>Voiced</small>
|  
| colspan="4" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| l
|  
|  
| lʷ
| l:
| ʎ
|  
|  
| colspan="4" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral app.
! <small>Voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="4" |  
|
|
|
|
|
|
|  
|  
|  
| l̥
|  
|  
| l̥ʷ
|  
|  
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="4" |
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Lateral flap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| i y
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| u
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-close
! style="" |Near-close
|  
|  
| ʏ
|  
|  
|  
| ʊ
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
| e ø
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| o
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ə
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| ɛ
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɔ
|
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-open
! style="" |Near-open
|  
| æ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| a
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
Line 279: Line 301:
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
===Mutations===
====Consonant mutations====
Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" | Consonant-initial mutations
|-
! Unmutated !! style="width: 100px" | Fricativisation !! style="width: 100px" | Palatalisation !! style="width: 100px" | Labialisation !! style="width: 100px" | Voicing !! style="width: 100px" | Devoicing !! style="width: 100px" | Nasalisation
|-
! b
| bh [ʋ] || bj || bw || - || bp [p] || mb [m]
|-
! bl
| bhl [ʋl] || - || - || - || bpl [pl] || mbl [ml]
|-
! br
| bhr [ʋɾ] || - || - || - || bpr [pɾ] || mbr [mɾ]
|-
! d
| dh [ð] || dj [ɟ] || dw || - || dh [ð] || nd [n]
|-
! dr
| dhr || - || - || - || dhr || -
|-
! dv
| dhv || - || - || - || dhv || -
|-
! f
| - || fj || fw || fv || - || nf
|-
! fl
| - || - || - || fvl || - || -
|-
! g
| gh [ɣ] || gj [ɟ] || gw || / || gk [k] || ng [ŋ]
|-
! gl
| ghl || glj [ʑʎ] || / || / || gkl || ngl
|-
! gr
| ghr || / || / || / || gkr || ngr
|-
! j
| jw [ɥ] || / || w || / || jh [j̊] || nj
|-
! k
| kh [x] || kj [c] || kw || kg [g] || / || kh [x]
|-
! kl
| khl || klj [ɕʎ] || / || kgl || / || khl
|-
! kr
| khr || / || / || kgr || / || khr
|-
! h
| / || hj [xʲ] || hw [ʍ] || gh [ɣ] || / || kh
|-
! hw
| / || jw [ɥ] || / || w || / || w
|-
! l
| / || lj || lw || / || lh || /
|-
! m
| mh [v] || mlj || mw || / || / || /
|-
! ml
| mhl || / || / || / || / || /
|-
! mr
| mhr || / || / || / || / || /
|-
! mn
| mhn || mnj || / || / || / || /
|-
! n
| / || nj || nw || / || / || /
|-
! p
| ph [f] || pj || pw || pb [b] || / || ph [f]
|-
! pl
| phl || / || / || pbl || / || phl
|-
! pr
| phr || / || / || pbr || / || phr
|-
! r
| / || rj || rw || / || rh || /
|-
! rh
| rr [r] || rr || rhw [r̥ʷ] || rr || / || rr
|-
! lh
| ll [l] || ll || lhw [l̥ʷ] || ll || / || ll
|-
! s
| sh [h] || sj [ɕ] || sw || sz [z] || / || /
|-
! t
| th [θ] || tj [c] || tw || td [d] || th [θ] || th
|-
! tl
| thl || tlj [ɕʎ] || / || tdl || thl || thl
|-
! tr
| thr || / || / || tdr || thr || thr
|-
! tv
| / || / || / || tdv || tsv [sʋ] || /
|-
! tf
| / || tjf [ɕf] || / || tfv [dʋ] || tsf [sf] || /
|-
! z
| zh [ɣ] || zj [ʑ] || zw || / || zs [s] || /
|-
! w
| / || jw [ɥ] || / || / || wh [ʍ] || jw [ɥ]
|-
! th
| / || / || / || dh [ð] || / || /
|-
! sk
| shk [xk] || skj [ɕc] || / || / || / || /
|-
! st
| sht [xt] || stj [ɕc] || / || / || / || /
|-
! vowel
| c' || - || w' || - || l' || c'
|-
|}


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:


Nouns
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
Adjectives
! colspan="7" | Consonant-final mutations
Verbs
|-
Adverbs
! Unmutated !!  Mutated
Particles
|-
Derivational morphology
! b
| bb
|-
! c
| c
|-
! d
| dd
|-
! dh
| d
|-
! f
| p
|-
! ft
| ft
|-
! g
| gg
|-
! j
| j
|-
! jh
| jj
|-
! js
| sj
|-
! jz
| zj
|-
! k
| kk
|-
! kh
| kh
|-
! l
| l
|-
! lf
| lf
|-
! ld
| ld
|-
! lj
| lj
|-
! lh
| ll
|-
! ls
| ll
|-
! lt
| lt
|-
! lv
| lv
|-
! lz
| lj
|-
! m
| m
|-
! mh
| mm
|-
! ms
| ms
|-
! n
| n
|-
! nd
| nd
|-
! nf
| ff
|-
! nh
| nn
|-
! nj
| nj
|-
! ns
| ss
|-
! nt
| nt
|-
! nz
| nj
|-
! p
| pp
|-
! r
| r
|-
! rd
| d
|-
! rdh
| dh
|-
! rh
| rr
|-
! rn
| n
|-
! rs
| sj
|-
! rt
| tt
|-
! rth
| th
|-
! rz
| zj
|-
! s
| s
|-
! st
| st
|-
! t
| tt
|-
! v
| b
|-
! z
| z
|-
|}


-->
====Vowel mutations====
Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 480px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | Vowel mutations
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 80px" | Unmutated !! colspan="2" | E-PLURAL || rowspan="2"  style="width: 80px" | Unmutated !! colspan="2" | O-PLURAL
|-
! style="width: 80px" | Primary !! style="width: 80px" | Secondary !! style="width: 80px" | Primary !! style="width: 80px" | Secondary
|-
! colspan="6" | NON-FINAL
|-
! a
| e || ea
! a
| au || ae
|-
! e
| i || ie
! e
| au || ae
|-
! i
| ei || ea
! i
| ie || ea
|-
! o
| oi || oe
! o
| o || oe
|-
! u
| y || ye
! u
| oa || ue
|-
! y
| y || ye
! y
| u || ue
|-
! colspan="6" | ONE FINAL CONSONANT or VOWEL
|-
! a
| ai || ai
! a
| ae || au
|-
! e
| ea || ae
! e
| ea || ei
|-
! i
| ei || ei
! i
| ea || ei
|-
! o
| oe || oe
! o
| oe || oi
|-
! u
| ou || oi
! u
| oa || ou
|-
! y
| ye || oe
! y
| ue || ui
|-
! ai
| au || oa
! ai
| ae || au
|-
! ei
| oi || oe
! ei
| ou || ui
|-
! oa
| o || oe
! oa
| au || au
|-
! colspan="6" | NASAL + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|-
! a
| ae || ai
! a
| ae || ai
|-
! e
| ea || ei
! e
| ea || ei
|-
! i
| ei || ei
! i
| ie || ai
|-
! o
| oe || oe
! o
| oe || oi
|-
! u
| ye || oe
! u
| oa || oi
|-
! y
| ye || oe
! y
| ye || ui
|-
! colspan="6" | LIQUID + PLOSIVE or FRICATIVE
|-
! a
| ae || ei
! a
| ae || ei
|-
! e
| ea || ei
! e
| ie || ei
|-
! i
| ea || ei
! i
| ie || ei
|-
! o
| oe || oi
! o
| ie || ei
|-
! u
| ye || oi
! u
| ue || ui
|-
! y
| ye || oi
! y
| ue || ui
|-
|}
 
=== Nouns ===
Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.
 
The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 90px" | Case !! style="width: 90px" | Singular !! style="width: 90px" | Dual !! style="width: 90px" |Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø || -is || -(V<sub>mut.</sub>)-Ø
|-
! Genitive
| -ur || -urh || -(V<sub>mut.</sub>)-ur
|-
! Dative
| -en || -enh || -(V<sub>mut.</sub>)-en
|-
! Accusative
| -er || -erh || -(V<sub>mut.</sub>)-er
|-
! Locative
| -on || -olh || -(V<sub>mut.</sub>)-on
|}
 
==== First declension ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | First declension: vowel-final
|-
! colspan="5" | SINGULAR
|-
! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! -a
| -aur || -aen || -aer || -ael
|-
! -e
| -eir || -ean || -ear || -eil
|-
! -i
| -uir || -ien || -air || -iel
|-
! -o
| -oir || -oen || -oar || -oel
|-
! -u
| -uer || -uin || -uir || -uil
|-
! -y
| -yer || -yen || -yer || -yel
|-
! colspan="5" | DUAL
|-
! -ais
| -warh || -aenh || -aerh || -aelh
|-
! -eis
| -jerh || -eanh || -earh || -jelh
|-
! -ies
| -wirh || -ienh || -jarh || -ielh
|-
! -ois
| -jorh || -oenh || -oarh || -oelh
|-
! -uis
| -uerh || -winh || -wirh || -wilh
|-
! -yes
| -yerh || -yenh || -yerh || -yelh
|-
! colspan="5" | PLURAL
|-
! -ai
| -air || -ain || -air || -ail
|-
! -ie
| -ier || -ien || -ier || -iel
|-
! -ei
| -eir || -ein || -eir || -eil
|-
! -oe
| -oer || -oen || -oer || -oel
|-
! -ou
| -our || -oun || -our || -oul
|-
! -ye
| -yer || -yen || -yer || -yel
|-
|}
 
==== Second declension ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | First declension: one final consonant
|-
! colspan="5" | SINGULAR
|-
! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! -aC
| -aCur || -aCen || -aCer || -aCon
|-
! -eC
| -eCur || -eCen || -eCer || -eCon
|-
! -iC
| -iCur || -iCen || -iCer || -iCon
|-
! -oC
| -oCur || -oCen || -oCer || -oCon
|-
! -uC
| -uCur || -uCen || -uCer || -uCon
|-
! -yC
| -yCyr || -yCin || -yCyr || -yCin
|-
! -aiC
| -aiCur || -aiCen || -aiCer || -aiCon
|-
! -eiC
| -eiCur || -eiCen || -eiCer || -eiCon
|-
! -oaC
| -oaCoer || -oaCean || -oaCear || -oaCoen
|-
! colspan="5" | DUAL
|-
! -aCis
| -aCurh || -aCenh || -aCerh || -aColh
|-
! -eCis
| -eCurh || -eCenh || -eCerh || -eColh
|-
! -iCis
| -iCurh || -iCenh || -iCerh || -iColh
|-
! -oCis
| -oCurh || -oCenh || -oCerh || -oColh
|-
! -uCis
| -uCurh || -uCenh || -uCerh || -uColh
|-
! -yCis
| -yCyrh || -yCinh || -yCyrh || -yCilh
|-
! -aiCis
| -aiCurh || -aiCenh || -aiCerh || -aiColh
|-
! -eiCis
| -eiCurh || -eiCenh || -eiCerh || -eiColh
|-
! -oaCis
| -oaCoerh || -oaCeanh || -oaCearh || -oaCoelh
|-
! colspan="5" | E-PLURAL (C = voiceless/n/m)
|-
! -aiC
| -aiCur || -aiCen || -aiCer || -aiCon
|-
! -eaC
| -aeCyr || -aeCen || -aeCer || -aeCoen
|-
! -eiC
| -eiCur || -eiCen || -eiCer || -eiCon
|-
! -oeC
| -oeCyr || -oeCen || -oeCer || -oeCoen
|-
! -ouC
| -oiCur || -oiCen || -oiCer || -oiCon
|-
! -yeC
| -oeyCyr || -oeCin || -oeCyr || -oeCin
|-
! -auC
| -oaCoer || -oaCean || -oaCear || -oaCoen
|-
! -oiC
| -oeCaer || -oeCean || -oeCear || -oeCaen
|-
! -oC
| -oeCoer || -oeCean || -oeCear || -oeCoen
|-
! colspan="5" | O-PLURAL
|-
! -aeC
| -auCur || -auCen || -auCer || -auCon
|-
! -eaC
| -eiCur || -eiCen || -eiCer || -eiCon
|-
! -eaC
| -eiCur || -eiCen || -eiCer || -eiCon
|-
! -oeC
| -oiCur || -oiCen || -oiCer || -oiCon
|-
! -oaC
| -ouCur || -ouCen || -ouCer || -ouCon
|-
! -yeC
| -uiCur || -uiCen || -uiCer || -uiCon
|-
! -aeC
| -auCur || -auCen || -auCer || -auCon
|-
! -ouC
| -uiCur || -uiCen || -uiCer || -uiCon
|-
! -uC
| -auCur || -auCen || -auCer || -auCon
|-
|}
 
==== Third declension ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | First declension: nasal + plosive/fricative
|-
! colspan="5" | SINGULAR
|-
! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! -aN
| -aNur || -aNen || -aNer || -aNon
|-
! -eN
| -eNur || -eNen || -eNer || -eNon
|-
! -iN
| -iNur || -iNen || -iNer || -iNon
|-
! -oN
| -oNur || -oNen || -oNer || -oNon
|-
! -uN
| -uNur || -uNen || -uNer || -uNon
|-
! -yN
| -yNyr || -yNin || -yNyr || -yNin
|-
! colspan="5" | DUAL
|-
! -aNath
| -aNurh || -aNenh || -aNerh || -aNolh
|-
! -eNath
| -eNurh || -eNenh || -eNerh || -eNolh
|-
! -iNath
| -iNurh || -iNenh || -iNerh || -iNolh
|-
! -oNath
| -oNurh || -oNenh || -oNerh || -oNolh
|-
! -uNath
| -uNurh || -uNenh || -uNerh || -uNolh
|-
! -yNath
| -yNyrh || -yNinh || -yNyrh || -yNilh
|-
! colspan="5" | E-PLURAL
|-
! -aeN
| -aiNur || -aiNen || -aiNer || -aiNon
|-
! -eaN
| -eiNur || -eiNen || -eiNer || -eiNon
|-
! -eiN
| -eiNur || -eiNen || -eiNer || -eiNon
|-
! -oeN
| -oeNyr || -oeNean || -oeNear || -oeNyn
|-
! -yeN
| -oeNyr || -oeNean || -oeNear || -oeNyn
|-
! -yeN
| -oeNyr || -oeNean || -oeNear || -oeNyn
|-
! colspan="5" | O-PLURAL
|-
! -aeN
| -aiNur || -aiNen || -aiNer || -aiNon
|-
! -eaN
| -eiNur || -eiNen || -eiNer || -eiNon
|-
! -ieN
| -aiNur || -aiNen || -aiNer || -aiNon
|-
! -oeN
| -oiNur || -oiNen || -oiNar || -oiNon
|-
! -oaN
| -oiNur || -oiNen || -oiNar || -oiNon
|-
! -yeN
| -uiNur || -uiNen || -uiNar || -uiNon
|-
|}
 
==== Fourth declension ====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | First declension: liquid + plosive/fricative
|-
! colspan="5" | SINGULAR
|-
! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! -aL
| -aLur || -aLen || -aLer || -aLon
|-
! -eL
| -eLur || -eLen || -eLer || -eLon
|-
! -iL
| -iLur || -iLen || -iLer || -iLon
|-
! -oL
| -oLur || -oLen || -oLer || -oLon
|-
! -uL
| -uLur || -uLen || -uLer || -uLon
|-
! -yL
| -yLyr || -yLin || -yLyr || -yLin
|-
! colspan="5" | DUAL
|-
! -aLath
| -aLurh || -aLenh || -aLerh || -aLolh
|-
! -eLath
| -eLurh || -eLenh || -eLerh || -eLolh
|-
! -iLath
| -iLurh || -iLenh || -iLerh || -iLolh
|-
! -oLath
| -oLurh || -oLenh || -oLerh || -oLolh
|-
! -uLath
| -uLurh || -uLenh || -uLerh || -uLolh
|-
! -yLath
| -yLyrh || -yLinh || -yLyrh || -yLilh
|-
! colspan="5" | E-PLURAL
|-
! -aeL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -eaL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -eaL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -oeL
| -oiLur || -oiLen || -oiLer || -oiLon
|-
! -yeL
| -oiLur || -oiLen || -oiLer || -oiLon
|-
! -yeL
| -oiLur || -oiLen || -oiLer || -oiLon
|-
! colspan="5" | O-PLURAL
|-
! -aeL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -ieL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -ieL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -ieL
| -eiLur || -eiLen || -eiLer || -eiLon
|-
! -ueL
| -uiLur || -uiLen || -uiLer || -uiLon
|-
! -ueL
| -uiLur || -uiLen || -uiLer || -uiLon
|-
|}
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives typically end in one of the four adjectival endings: '''-eg''', '''-it''', '''-in''' (passive participle), or '''-aic''' active participles). The first three types also form comparative and superlative forms but the last types cannot. As expected, adjectives decline and have to agree with the noun in number and case.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | Adjectival declension
|-
! colspan="6" | -EG adjectives
|-
! !! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! Singular
| -eg || -egri || -engi || -egri || -engi
|-
! Dual
| -eggis || -egris || -engis || -egris || -engis
|-
! Plural
| -eag || -eigri || -jengi || -eigri || -jengi
|-
! colspan="6" | -IT adjectives
|-
! Singular
| -it || -itri || -inti || -idri || -ilti
|-
! Dual
| -ittis || -itris || -intis || -idris || -iltis
|-
! Plural
| -eit || -eitri || -jenti || -eidri || -jelti
|-
! colspan="6" | -IN adjectives
|-
! Singular
| -in || -inri || -inti || -indi || -inli
|-
! Dual
| -inis || -inris || -intis || -indis || -inlis
|-
! Plural
| -ein || -jenri || -jenti || -jendi || -jenli
|-
! colspan="6" | -AIC adjectives
|-
! Singular
| -aic || -aicri || -aicwi || -aicri || -aicwi
|-
! Dual
| -aicis || -aicris || -aicwis || -aicris || -aicwis
|-
! Plural
| -auc || -oaci || -oacwi || -oacri || -oacwi
|-
|}
 
==== Comparative and superlative ====
The comparative and superlative degrees are as follows:
* '''-eg:'''
** -eim
** -ied
* '''-it:'''
** -yst
** -yft
* '''-in:'''
** -yrn
** -ynd
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="6" | Comparative and superlative
|-
! colspan="6" | -EG comparative
|-
! !! style="width: 100px" | Nominative !! style="width: 100px" | Genitive !! style="width: 100px" | Dative !! style="width: 100px" |Accusative !! style="width: 100px" | Locative
|-
! Singular
| -eim || -eimri || -eimni || -eimri || -eimli
|-
! Dual
| -eimis || -eimris || -eimnis || -eimris || -eimlis
|-
! Plural
| -oim || -oemri || -oemni || -oemri || -oemli
|-
! colspan="6" | -EG superlative
|-
! Singular
| -eid || -eidre || -jende || -eidre || -jeldi
|-
! Dual
| -eidis || -eidres || -jendes || -eidres || -jeldes
|-
! Plural
| -oid || -oedre || -oende || -oedre || -oelde
|-
|}
 
 
Additionally, the '''elative degree''' is formed by adding the prefix '''nae-''' in front of the adjective in its basic form.
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Verbs ===
Verbs are inflected for three persons and three numbers in five moods and several tenses.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 790px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Verbal conjugation: affirmative
|-
! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 70px" | 1sg !! style="width: 70px" | 2sg !! style="width: 70px" | 3sg !! style="width: 70px" | 1du !! style="width: 70px" | 2du !! style="width: 70px" | 3du !! style="width: 70px" | 1pl !! style="width: 70px" | 2pl !! style="width: 70px" | 3pl
|-
! rowspan="4" | Indicative !! Present
| -e || er || -i || -eth || -en || -ejh || -ed(e) || -end(e) || -est
|-
! Preterite
| -is || -irh || -a || -if || -im || -ic || -ift || -inz(i) || -adh(i)
|-
! Imperfect
| -ini || -iri || -ina || -ínf || -imi || -ighi || -int || -inja || -inda
|-
! Future
| -u || -om || -o || -us || -úms || -ur || -ud(a) || -ond(a) || -os
|-
! colspan="2" | Conditional
| -foi || -foen || -fai || -faes || -forh || -feajh || -foit || -fwin || -fodh(i)
|-
! colspan="2" | Imperative
| - || -o || - || colspan="2" | -on || - || colspan="2" | -or || -
|-
! rowspan="4" | Impersonal<br>indicative !! Present
| colspan="3" | -ei || colspan="3" | -eis || colspan="3" | -endi
|-
! Preterite
| colspan="3" | -ia || colspan="3" | -ian || colspan="3" | -ialh
|-
! Imperfect
| colspan="3" | -írni || colspan="3" | -inge || colspan="3" | -idhe
|-
! Future
| colspan="3" | -ust || colspan="3" | -uma || colspan="3" | -uvi
|-
! colspan="2" | Impersonal conditional
| colspan="3" | -fau || colspan="3" | -fois || colspan="3" | -feth
|-
|}
 
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 790px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Verbal conjugation: negative
|-
! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 80px" | !! style="width: 70px" | 1sg !! style="width: 70px" | 2sg !! style="width: 70px" | 3sg !! style="width: 70px" | 1du !! style="width: 70px" | 2du !! style="width: 70px" | 3du !! style="width: 70px" | 1pl !! style="width: 70px" | 2pl !! style="width: 70px" | 3pl
|-
! rowspan="5" | Indicative !! Negation
| '''wei''' || '''war''' || '''wai''' || '''wath''' || '''wan''' || '''was''' || '''wat''' || '''want''' || '''wast'''
|-
! Present
| colspan="9" | -e
|-
! Preterite
| colspan="9" | -i
|-
! Imperfect
| colspan="9" | -in
|-
! Future
| colspan="9" | -u
|-
! colspan="2" | Conditional
| colspan="9" | -foa
|-
! rowspan="2" | Imperative !! Negation
| rowspan="2" | - || '''ale''' || rowspan="2" | - || colspan="2" | '''alan''' || rowspan="2" | -  || colspan="2" | '''alat''' || rowspan="2" | -
|-
!
| -o || colspan="2" | -o || colspan="2" | -o
|-
! rowspan="5" | Impersonal<br>indicative !! Negation
| colspan="3" | '''wen''' || colspan="3" | '''wes''' || colspan="3" | '''went'''
|-
! Present
| colspan="9" | -ea
|-
! Preterite
| colspan="9" | -ae
|-
! Imperfect
| colspan="9" | -oe
|-
! Future
| colspan="9" | -ue
|-
! colspan="2" | Impersonal conditional
| colspan="9" | -fye
|-
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]]

Latest revision as of 11:52, 6 July 2021

Gathrírn
Gathrírn
Pronunciation[gaˈθɾin]
Created byAshucky
Date2013

Gathrírn is an a priori language inspired by Celtic languages. As such, it features extensive vowel and consonant mutations, as well as a relatively complex inflectional system. Its phonetic system is also remarkable in having up to four varieties of one phoneme.


Background

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plain Palat. Labial. Gemin. Plain Palat. Labial. Gemin. Plain Labial. Plain Palat. Labial. Gemin.
Nasal Voiced m mʲ mʷ m: n nʷ n: ɲ ŋ
Voiceless m̥ n̥
Plosive Voiced b bʲ bʷ b: d dʷ d: ɟ g gʷ g:
Voiceless p pʲ pʷ p: t tʷ t: c k kʷ k:
Fricative Voiced ð z zʷ ʑ ɣ
Voiceless f fʲ ɸ f: θ s sʷ s: ɕ x h
Approximant Voiced ʋ ʋʲ j ɥ w
Voiceless j̊ ʍ
Trill Voiceless r̥ r̥ʷ
Flap or tap Voiced ɾ ɾʲ ɾʷ
Lateral app. Voiced l lʷ l: ʎ
Voiceless l̥ l̥ʷ

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y u
Near-close ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Near-open æ
Open a

Phonotactics

Orthography

Grammar

Morphology

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Similar to Cletic languages, nouns in Gathrírn undergo several types of mutations. There are six consonant-initial mutations: fricativisation, palatalisation, labialisation, voicing, devoicing, and nasalisation or mixed type. Word-final consonants also change.


Vowel mutations

Vowel mutations apply when declining nouns.

Nouns

Nouns in Gathrírn have three numbers (singular, dual, plural) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative). There are four declensions.

The basic paradigm of suffixes is regular:

Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -Ø -is -(Vmut.)-Ø
Genitive -ur -urh -(Vmut.)-ur
Dative -en -enh -(Vmut.)-en
Accusative -er -erh -(Vmut.)-er
Locative -on -olh -(Vmut.)-on

First declension

Second declension

Third declension

Fourth declension

Adjectives

Adjectives typically end in one of the four adjectival endings: -eg, -it, -in (passive participle), or -aic active participles). The first three types also form comparative and superlative forms but the last types cannot. As expected, adjectives decline and have to agree with the noun in number and case.

Comparative and superlative

The comparative and superlative degrees are as follows:

  • -eg:
    • -eim
    • -ied
  • -it:
    • -yst
    • -yft
  • -in:
    • -yrn
    • -ynd


Additionally, the elative degree is formed by adding the prefix nae- in front of the adjective in its basic form.

Pronouns

Verbs

Verbs are inflected for three persons and three numbers in five moods and several tenses.


Syntax

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