Häskä: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =
|creator = User:IlL
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =  
|nativename = dəluto Häskäs
|pronunciation=
|pronunciation=dəluto hæskæs
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=tergetic
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|script=Windermere script?
|scripts=* Windermere script?
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


'''Häskä''' (''dülut Häskä'' /dylut hæskæ/; modern: ''sä dülut Häskä'' <small>Bjeheond:</small> [sɛ dʉlut hɛskɛ]; <small>Fəxom: </small> [sa dʉlut haska]) is a [[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]] language with an Amharic- and Malay-inspired aesthetic. Modern Häskä is [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]'s lingua franca, and is official in the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]], [[Verse:Tricin/Tumhan|Tumhan]] and Fəxom.
'''Häskä''' (''dəluto Häskäs'' /dəluto hæskæs/) is a [[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]] language with an Amharic- and Uralic-inspired aesthetic.
 
grammar should be a lot more Austronesian than Talman
 
==Gibberish==
:'''''Ha bärtətəlič žə-sgəδo i ftero mi-sumätäk!'''''
:ah PRES-FREQ-fall like-gold-F DIR foliage-F in wind-PL
:''Ah! How leaves fall like gold in the wind!''


consonantism is conservative (except p > f); vowels harmonize
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 26: Line 29:
!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Retroflex
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
Line 41: Line 44:
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! rowspan="2" |Stop
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain</small>
| ('''p''' /p/)
|  
| '''t''' /t/
| '''t''' /t/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''k''' /k/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''ʔ''' /ʔ/
| '''' ''' /ʔ/
|-
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
! |<small>voiced</small>
Line 56: Line 59:
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>plain</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''f''' /f/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''s''' /s/
| '''x''' /ɬ/
| '''š'''  
| '''š''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|  
| '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
| '''δ''' /ð/
| '''ž'''
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|  
|  
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''q''' /tɬ/
| '''č'''
| '''č''' /tʃ/
|  
|  
|  
|
|
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! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''r''' /r/, '''l''' /l/
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|}
|}
In addition, '''p''' /p/ is used in loanwords.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''a e i o u ä ə ü''' /ɑ e i o u æ ə ʉ/
'''a e i o u ä ə''' /ɑ e i o u æ ə/
 
in modern Häskä: ä-e merger in Bjeheondian Häskä, ä-a merger in Fəxomese Häskä


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is usually penultimate.
Stress is usually penultimate.
===Phonotactics===
Häskä allows initial clusters, like [[Windermere]] and [[Tsrovesh]].


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Häskä morphology is roughly equally prefixing and suffixing.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Häska nouns are either masculine or feminine. Nouns denoting females or that end in the feminine marker ''-i'' (from Proto-Lakovic *-s) are feminine.
Häskä nouns have a natural gender system. Nouns denoting females or that end in the feminine suffix ''-o'' (after C) or ''-s'' (after V) are feminine. Inanimate nouns, and animals that are not dedicated words for males and females, can be used in both genders interchangeably.
 
====Plurals====
Unusually for a Lakovic language, plurals are formed with a suffix ''-k'' or ''-äk'':
*''sumät'' /sumæt/ = wind
**''sumätäk'' /sumætæk/ = winds
If the word is treated as feminine:
*''sumäto'' /sumæto/ = wind
**''sumätok'' /sumætok/ = winds
 
====Case markers====
Here are the basic case markers:


Classical Häskä: Austronesian alignment?
*''id, i'' = nominative
*''u'' = accusative
*''kə'' = genitive
*''mi'' = locative
*''žə'' = "like"


Modern Häskä number markers:
===Pronouns===
*''sä'' = singular
*''ri'' = I
*''ta'' = plural
*''šen'' = thou (m)
*''hän'' = collective
*''šes'' = thou (f)
*''fin'' = he
*''fis'' = she
*''bäñ'' = we two (inc.)
*''nə-ri'' etc. = plural pronouns


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Häskä verbs are highly inflected; they inflect for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and gender agreement.
Häskä verbs are highly inflected; they inflect for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and gender agreement.


In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the form ''VERB-yac''.
Verb template: negative-gender/mood-tense/aspect-{{angbr|voice}}ROOT-pluractional
 
====Gender====
If the subject is feminine, the verb takes the feminine prefix nə-.
 
====Aspect====
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
 
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
*imperfective/stative = unmarked
*perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ''em-'' for others
*prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
*momentane = ''bla-''
*progressive = ''ăL-''
*gnomic = ''FăL-''
*frequentative = ''eNFă-''
*inchoative/inceptive = ''oLă-''
*graduative = ''tăFa-''
 
====Intensive====
*''thu-'' = intensive prefix


====Voice affixes====
Verbs are negated with ''di-''.
Voice affixes are obsolete in Rhythoed.
*''‹ăc›'' = Dynamic passive
*''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive
*''‹ăb›'' = Reflexive
====Trigger affixes====
*''‹ăn/ăng›'' = Applicative trigger
*''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
*''‹ăw›'' = Instrumental trigger
*''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
*''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
*''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
*''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
*''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*yə- = adjectivizer
*yə- = adjectivizer
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]

Latest revision as of 05:51, 12 January 2022

Häskä/Wordlist

Häskä
dəluto Häskäs
Pronunciation[dəluto hæskæs]
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Lakovic
  • Häskä
  • Windermere script?
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Häskä (dəluto Häskäs /dəluto hæskæs/) is a Lakovic language with an Amharic- and Uralic-inspired aesthetic.

grammar should be a lot more Austronesian than Talman

Gibberish

Ha bärtətəlič žə-sgəδo i ftero mi-sumätäk!
ah PRES-FREQ-fall like-gold-F DIR foliage-F in wind-PL
Ah! How leaves fall like gold in the wind!

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ñ /ŋ/
Stop plain t /t/ k /k/ ' /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricative plain f /f/ s /s/ š h /h/
voiced δ /ð/ ž
Affricate c /ts/ č
Approximant w /w/ r /r/, l /l/ y /j/

In addition, p /p/ is used in loanwords.

Vowels

a e i o u ä ə /ɑ e i o u æ ə/

Stress

Stress is usually penultimate.

Phonotactics

Häskä allows initial clusters, like Windermere and Tsrovesh.

Morphology

Häskä morphology is roughly equally prefixing and suffixing.

Nouns

Häskä nouns have a natural gender system. Nouns denoting females or that end in the feminine suffix -o (after C) or -s (after V) are feminine. Inanimate nouns, and animals that are not dedicated words for males and females, can be used in both genders interchangeably.

Plurals

Unusually for a Lakovic language, plurals are formed with a suffix -k or -äk:

  • sumät /sumæt/ = wind
    • sumätäk /sumætæk/ = winds

If the word is treated as feminine:

  • sumäto /sumæto/ = wind
    • sumätok /sumætok/ = winds

Case markers

Here are the basic case markers:

  • id, i = nominative
  • u = accusative
  • kə = genitive
  • mi = locative
  • žə = "like"

Pronouns

  • ri = I
  • šen = thou (m)
  • šes = thou (f)
  • fin = he
  • fis = she
  • bäñ = we two (inc.)
  • nə-ri etc. = plural pronouns

Verbs

Häskä verbs are highly inflected; they inflect for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and gender agreement.

Verb template: negative-gender/mood-tense/aspect-⟨voice⟩ROOT-pluractional

Verbs are negated with di-.

Derivational morphology

  • yə- = adjectivizer
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