Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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*A > -b/-0
*A > -b/-0
*B > -d/-s
*B > -d/-b
*C > -s/-g
*C > -s/-g
*D > -ß/-n
*D > -ß/-n

Revision as of 13:51, 31 December 2018

Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon

The Hlou-Shum languages (Eevo: bo brits Lloo-Xwm; Hlou: Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön; Ko: lees yoo ndoigh Hloobh-Xoo) are a small family of languages native to Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, Proto-Hlou-Shum (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. Hlou-Shum languages had much more importance in the past, but today Windermere is more dominant in Bjeheond.

Family tree

  • Proto-Hlou-Shum (PIE- and Old Chinese-inspired)
    • Hlou (Ntzog Schlaub)
    • Shum (llhau syuun)
    • Ko (lees ndoigh Komh)
    • Clooa (Mois de la Crouet)
    • Liai (hmyg Liaid)
    • Tlu (χμωωβ Τλωδ)
    • Vreed

Timeline

Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP

Writing system

Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ku and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.

Phonology

The following presents Schlomo Schngellstein's reconstruction of Proto-Hlou-Shum.

Phonotactics

The typical Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure

(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C)tone.

Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.

Initials

  • p t tz ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
  • np nt ntz ntx nts nḱ nk nkw
  • b d dz ds dx ǵ g gw
  • nb nd ndz nds ndx nǵ ng ngw
  • bh dh dzh dsh dxh ǵh gh gwh
  • nbh ndh ndzh ndsh ndxh nǵh ngh ngwh
  • f z s x h
  • m n ń y r l w

s-series > ɬ-series in some descendants

Ku and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.

Nuclei

a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə - a few more vowels for Liai

Nasal vowels?

Coda

Allowed finals: just -N, -k, -h, -ʔ, -Nk

Cheshirized grammatical particles -> lenition, eclipsis in Ku

Tones

PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:

  • A: 0 or nasal final
  • B: -s or -h
  • C: -?
  • D: -t -ḱ > -t
  • E: -p -k

Grammar

Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.

Reduplication

Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.

Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.

Derivation

  • s-: nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
    • louʔ 'spring (season)' > slouʔ 'springlike, where there is spring'
  • : nominalization
    • lou 'to plant' > louʔ 'spring (season)'
  • m- preinitial
  • r- preinitial
    • lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
  • D- preinitial
    • changes some consonants in Shum
    • maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial

Reflexes

Initials

Hlou

Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)

  • ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
  • pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
  • npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
  • bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
  • nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
  • fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
  • tzl tsl > tz ts
  • ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
  • dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
  • ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
  • ml nl > ml nl
  • pr, br > pf, v
  • kr, gr > sch
  • tr, dr > tr, dr
  • sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
  • sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
  • stz sts stx > tz ts tx

The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants

The r-preinitial (some koineization)

  • r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
  • r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
  • r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
  • r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
  • r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
  • r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
  • r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
  • r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
  • r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl

-k > glottal stop final

Shum

s- triggers tone split

b p > bh p

sb sp > b p

np nb > b mh

spr pr > ph p

sbr br > bh bh

nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh

l > l, D.l > ll

f > h

Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh

f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh

x > tl

z > ś, s > s

k' > ś, g' > jh

  • kw > p
  • gw > v > vh in shum
  • w > w > v in shum

Rimes

Tones

Hlou

Tone split from breathy voiced plosives

  • A > -b/-0
  • B > -d/-b
  • C > -s/-g
  • D > -ß/-n
  • E (entering) > -0/-n

Sample

ʔouh ʔak zamB-zamB

The Sheep and the Horses