Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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[[Xaetjeon/Lexicon]]
[[Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ˈdɮetʃɑn/ ({{PAGENAME}}: ''baeychnae Xaetjeon'' /ˈpejxne ˈɮetʃʰɑn/) is a Talman language spoken by the Dxaetjfa people. It is a [[Naquic languages|Naquic language]] (descendant of [[Naquian]]) inspired by Praimhín's [[Gussnish]].
'''Hlou-Shum''' ([[Hlou]]: ''Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön''; [[Ko]]: ''lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo'') is a placeholder name for a language family that includes [[Hlou]]. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, '''Proto-Hlou-Shum''' (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages.
TODO: actually look at OC more


Main sources of loanwords:
==Family tree==
*[[Tíogall]]
*Proto-Hlou-Shum
*[[Netagin]]
**[[Hlou]] (''Ntzog Schlaub'')
*[[Bênôcian]]
**Shumic
*[[Nurian]]
***[[Shum]] (''lhàu śúṃ'')
*Some from [[Naquian]]
**[[Ko]] (''lees ndoigh Komh'')
**[[Tlu]] (χμῶ Τλὣ)
**[[Liai]] (''hmỳ Liaĩ'')
**[[Clooa]] (''Mois de la Crouet'')
 
===Timeline===
Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP
 
==Writing system==
Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure
(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) <sup>tone</sup>.


===Consonants===
Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
===Initials===
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
*p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
|-
*bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
!colspan="2"|Nasal
*b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
*f θ s x h
|-
*F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
!rowspan="2"|Stop
*m n ń ŋ y r l w
!<small>tenuis</small>
*M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts
| '''b''' /p/ || '''d''' /t/ || '''dz''' /ts/ || '''dx''' /tɬ/ || '''dj''' /tʃ/ || '''g''' /k/||
 
|-
θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants
!<small>aspirated</small>
 
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''ts''' /tsʰ/ || '''tq''' /tɬʰ/ || '''tj''' /tʃʰ/ || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''q''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| '''x''' /ɮ/ || '''zj''' /ʒ/ || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Approximant
|  || || || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}


;Notes
===Nuclei===
*In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə
*Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].


===Vowels===
===Coda===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
Allowed finals:  
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
*-p -t -k
|-
*-mp -nt -nk
!  style="width: 60px; "|
*-m -n -l -w -y
!  style="width: 60px; " |Front
*-ʔ -s
!  style="width: 60px; " |Central
*nasal + s or ʔ
!  style="width: 60px; " |Back
*plosive + s
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae''' /e/
| '''eu''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''a''' /æ/
|
| '''eo''' /ɑ/
|}


;Notes
===Tones===
*/ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
PHS was non-tonal.  The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:
*/ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
*A: -0, -N, -l
*B: -ʔ
*C: -s
*D: -t
*E: -p, -k


===Mutations===
The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
==Grammar==
|-
Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.
! Normal
===Reduplication===
|| p || f || t || th || ts || s || tq || q || tj || sj || c || b || v || d || dh || dz || z || dx || x || dj || zj || g
Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.
|-
! Lenited
|| f || f || th || th || s || h || q || q || sj || sj || ch || v || v || dh || dh || z || 0 || x || x || zj || zj || gh
|}


Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg"
===Derivation===
|-
Sometimes two prefixes could be used.
! Normal
*''s-'': nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
|| m || n || ng || w || l || y
**''louʔ'' 'spring (season)' > ''slouʔ'' 'springlike, where there is spring'
|-
*''-ʔ'': nominalization
! Lenited
**''lou'' 'to plant' > ''louʔ'' 'spring (season)'
|| v || n || ng || w || w || y
*m- preinitial
|}
*r- preinitial
**lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
*θ- preinitial
**changes some consonants in Shum
**maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial


===Prosody===
==Reflexes==
====Stress====
=== Hlou ===
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
==== Initials ====
Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)
*ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
*pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
*npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
*bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
*nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
*fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
*tzl tsl > tz ts
*ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
*dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
*ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
*ml nl > ml nl
*pr, br > pf, v
*kr, gr > sch
*tr, dr > tr, dr
*sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
*sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
*stz sts stx > tz ts tx


====Intonation====
The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants


===Phonotactics===
The r-preinitial (some koineization)
===Morphophonology===
*r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
*r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
*r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
*r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
*r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
*r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
*r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
*r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
*r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
*r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
*r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl


==Morphology==
-k > glottal stop final
===Nouns===
==== Tones ====
''-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu'' < ''ixmi, hinē, hinuoz''
Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Tone class
! Voiceless initial (5/8)
! Voiced initial (3/8)
|-
|-
|+ '''''pa'' - person'''
! A (10/27)
| ''-b'' (23%)
| ''-0'' (14%)
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
! B (5/27)
!colspan="2"|Indefinite
| ''-n'' (12%)
!colspan="2"|Definite
| ''-s'' (6.9%)
|-
|-
!Singular
! C (5/27)
!Plural
| ''-s'' (12%)
!Singular
| ''-g'' (6.9%)
!Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! D (4/27)
|| ''pa'' || ''pameo'' || ''panae'' || ''paneu''
| ''-ß'' (9.3%)
| ''-d'' (5.6%)
|-
|-
! Vocative
! E (3/27)
|| ''fa'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''faneu''
| ''-hn'' (6.9%)
| ''-h'' (4.2%)
|}
|}


====Possessive pronouns====
Among non-E syllables the distribution is:
The possessive pronouns are: (derived from [[Naquian]] possessive prefixes)


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)
|-
!colspan="4" | Possessive pronouns
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''neu '''v'''if''<br/>''neu ow''
|''meu '''v'''if''<br/>''meu ow''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''peu '''v'''if''<br/>''peu ow''
|-
!|2
|''sjeu '''v'''if''<br/>''sjeu ow''
|''tseu '''v'''if''<br/>''tseu ow''
|-
!|3
|''i '''v'''if''<br/>''i ow''
|''i '''m'''if''<br/>''i '''n'''ow''
|-
!|Interr/Indef
|colspan=2|''tae '''v'''if''<br/>''tae ow''
|}


Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. ''i vif fanae'' = 'the man's house' (The ''panae'' lenites since it follows a feminine noun ''mif''.)
===Shum===
s- triggers tone split


===Adjectives===
b p > bh p
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.


:'''''pa seowan'''''
sb sp > b p
:''a small person''


:'''''mif heowan'''''
np nb > b mh
:''a small house''


However, the suffixes ''-nae'' and ''-meo'' (''-eom'' is used for nouns ending in labials) always lenite the following noun:
spr pr > ph p


:'''''panae heowan'''''
sbr br > bh bh
:''the small person''


:'''''mifeom heowan'''''
nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh
:''the small houses''


Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
l > l, D.l > ll


===Pronouns===
f > h
===Prepositions and conjunctions===
*''tjeo-L'' = and
*''teo-L'' = at
*''yae-L'' = to


===Verbs===
Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh
The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. However, tense-verbnoun-subject is acceptable as well. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence of verbnoun + adjunct (similarly to the Welsh 'syntactic mutation' and the Modern Standard Arabic 'faulty accusative').


*''Lon teo sim'' = 'I'm running' (''sim'' is a lenited form of ''tsim''.)
f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh
*''Lon teo i chaevasj'' = 'I'm protecting it'
*''Lon teo i chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house'
*''Lon teo chaevasj vifnae'' = 'I'm protecting the house' (colloquial)


====Copula====
x > tl


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
z > ś, s > s
|-
!colspan="4" | Present tense
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''lon''
|''lovae''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''lont''
|-
!|2
|''losj''
|''lopeo''
|-
!|3
|''lo''
|''loq''
|}


===Numbers===
k' > ś, g' > jh
Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)


===Derivational morphology===
*kw > p
*''-asj'' (f): nominalizer
*gw > v > vh in shum
*''-iy'' (f): abstract noun
*w > w > v in shum


==Phrasebook==
==Sample==
*''Lon Dxaetjfa.'' = I am a Dxaetjeon person.
'''ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp'''


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
The Sheep and the Horses
[[Category:Naquic languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Language families]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 15:28, 31 December 2021

Hlou-Shum languages/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum (Hlou: Ntzog Ntzog Schlaub-Xön; Ko: lees yoo ndoigh Hloodh-Xoo) is a placeholder name for a language family that includes Hlou. Most modern Hlou-Shum languages are tonal. The proto-language, Proto-Hlou-Shum (PHS), is about 2500 years old. The family is based on the idea of recasting IE languages as Hmong-like languages. TODO: actually look at OC more

Family tree

  • Proto-Hlou-Shum
    • Hlou (Ntzog Schlaub)
    • Shumic
      • Shum (lhàu śúṃ)
    • Ko (lees ndoigh Komh)
    • Tlu (χμῶ Τλὣ)
    • Liai (hmỳ Liaĩ)
    • Clooa (Mois de la Crouet)

Timeline

Proto-Hlou-Shum: 2500 years BP

Writing system

Proto-Hlou-Shum was written with a system of logographs. Hlou, Ko and Shumian developed the logographs separately into their own writing systems.

Phonology

Phonotactics

A Proto-Hlou-Shum word had the structure

(preinitial) + (C)C(r/l)V(C)(C) tone.

Preinitials were unstressed derivational prefixes.

Initials

  • p t tθ ts tx ḱ k kw ʔ
  • bh dh dθh dsh dxh ģh gh gwh
  • b d dθ ds dx ǵ g gw
  • f θ s x h
  • F Θ S X H = voiced/breathy f θ s x h
  • m n ń ŋ y r l w
  • M N Ń Ŋ Y R L W = breathy counterparts

θ-series > ɬ-series in some descendants

Ko and Clooa gain uvulars through velars + r/l.

Nuclei

a e i o u ə ai au ei ou iə uə

Coda

Allowed finals:

  • -p -t -k
  • -mp -nt -nk
  • -m -n -l -w -y
  • -ʔ -s
  • nasal + s or ʔ
  • plosive + s

Tones

PHS was non-tonal. The tones in daughter languages are actually reflexes of final types in PHS:

  • A: -0, -N, -l
  • B: -ʔ
  • C: -s
  • D: -t
  • E: -p, -k

The incidence of tones A, B, C in Hlou-Shum words follows the ratio 2:1:1.

Grammar

Proto-Hlou-Shum was head-initial like Vietnamese.

Reduplication

Total reduplication was used for noun plurals, verbal imperatives, and adverbs from adjectives.

Some descendants turned this into partial reduplication.

Derivation

Sometimes two prefixes could be used.

  • s-: nominalization, "metonymy", adjectivizer
    • louʔ 'spring (season)' > slouʔ 'springlike, where there is spring'
  • -ʔ: nominalization
    • lou 'to plant' > louʔ 'spring (season)'
  • m- preinitial
  • r- preinitial
    • lenition/retroflexion in Hlou
  • θ- preinitial
    • changes some consonants in Shum
    • maybe it's the same as the r-preinitial

Reflexes

Hlou

Initials

Initial clusters (not every cluster may be allowed)

  • ḱ ǵ ś > tx dx x
  • pl tl ḱl kl ʔl > pl tl schl kl schl
  • npl ntl nḱl nkl > npl ntl nkl nkl
  • bl dl ǵl gl > bl dl gl gl
  • nbl ndl nǵl ngl > nbl ndl ngl ngl
  • fl vl sl śl > fl fl schl schl
  • tzl tsl > tz ts
  • ntzl ntsl ntxl > ntz nts ntx
  • dz ds dxl > dz ds dx
  • ndzl ndsl ndxl > nl nl nl
  • ml nl > ml nl
  • pr, br > pf, v
  • kr, gr > sch
  • tr, dr > tr, dr
  • sp, st, str, stl, sc, sk > schm, schn, schr, schl, x, sch
  • sm, sn, sṇ, sń > schm, schn, schr, x
  • stz sts stx > tz ts tx

The n-preinitial turns some consonants into prenasalized consonants

The r-preinitial (some koineization)

  • r-p r-t r-ḱ r-k r-ʔ > f tr sch sch h
  • r-np r-nt r-nḱ r-nk > mpf ntr nk nk
  • r-b r-d r-ǵ r-g > v dr j g
  • r-nb r-nd r-nǵ r-ng > mpf ndr ng ng
  • r-f r-v r-z r-s r-x r-h > f w ntz nts ntx h
  • r-tz r-ts r-tx > z s x
  • r-ntz r-nts r-ntx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-dz r-ds r-dx > j j j
  • r-ndz r-nds r-ndx > ntz nts ntx
  • r-m r-n r-ń r-y r-l r-w > w n j j drl r
  • r-Cl > drl, trl, ndrl, ntrl

-k > glottal stop final

Tones

Tone split from voiceless initial/voiced initial?

Tone class Voiceless initial (5/8) Voiced initial (3/8)
A (10/27) -b (23%) -0 (14%)
B (5/27) -n (12%) -s (6.9%)
C (5/27) -s (12%) -g (6.9%)
D (4/27) -ß (9.3%) -d (5.6%)
E (3/27) -hn (6.9%) -h (4.2%)

Among non-E syllables the distribution is:

b (23%) > s (19%) > 0 (14%) > n (12%) > ß (9.3%) > g (6.9%) > d (5.6%)

Shum

s- triggers tone split

b p > bh p

sb sp > b p

np nb > b mh

spr pr > ph p

sbr br > bh bh

nCl, r.Cl > nl or nlh

l > l, D.l > ll

f > h

Dp Db Dt Dd Dk Dg > f v th dh ch gh

f v th dh ch gh > p bh t dh k gh

x > tl

z > ś, s > s

k' > ś, g' > jh

  • kw > p
  • gw > v > vh in shum
  • w > w > v in shum

Sample

ʔouh ʔak zamp-zamp

The Sheep and the Horses

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