I Kronurum: Difference between revisions

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| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
| colspan="4"|‹''gangr de-som þanelos''›
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| colspan="4"|"''the dog is smaller than the house''"
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Revision as of 08:19, 29 September 2015


I Kronurum
"that which is spoken"
IKronurum.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/]
Created byNicolás Straccia
SettingUnnamed conworld
Native toThe Marks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and some exclaves under their influence
Northern Languages
  • I Kronurum
Early forms
Proto-Northern
  • Ancient IK
    • Old IK
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].


Background


The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is that of Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat, which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.

The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Igódánafáreþ ("Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.

Grammar

In a nutshell:

OSV

N/A

Pro-drop

[...]

PHONOLOGY

Vowels

Vowel inventory

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
(ʊ)
(ɘ)
(ɛ)
(ɐ)
(a)
ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Vowel allophony

· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

Umlaut and diphtongues by umlaut

Other diphtongues

Consonants

Consonant inventory

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ)
Trill r
Tap or flap ɾ
Fricative (β) f θ ð s ʃ x (ɣ) h
Lateral fric. (ɬ)
Approximant w j
Lateral app. l

Onset mutations

Mutation grade
0 1 2
b- /b/~/β/ p- /p/ f- /f/
d- /d/ ð- /ð/ þ- /θ/
f- /f/ p- /p/ b- /b/~/β/
h- /h/~/χ/ k- /k/ g- /g/~/ɣ/
j- /j/ jw- /jʷ/ ñ- /ɲ/
k- /k/ g- /g/~/ɣ/ h- /h/~/χ/
l- /l/ l- /l / lh- /ɬ/
m- /m/ mw- /mʷ/ w- /w/
n- /n/ nw- /nʷ/ ñ- /ɲ/
s- /s/ þ- /θ/ ś- /ʃ/
t- /t/ d- /d/ ð- /ð/
w- /w/ gw- /gʷ/ ƕ- /hw/~/hv/

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}

Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.

Other contextual phonological phenomena

There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:

· -ren-rin- → -relin-

· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/

· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/

· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/

Syllable structure

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.

MORPHOLOGY

Nominal morphology

Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness.


Grammatical case

· Genitive

Some older genitive compounds do not display the onset mutation of the second element that follows the genitive preposition ór. For instance hissóhéuren vs. hissókéuren* (/ˈhi.sːa.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n / vs / ˈhi.sːa.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n /, i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the Discrepance on onset mutations controversy.

Declension particles and affixes
Case Marker Notes
nom Nominative The nominative case is not marked
gen Genitive ó(r) _-(e)n /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ preposition, suffix Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
akk Accusative tró /ˈtɾu̹/ preposition Triggers mutation 2
dat Dative -(r)is -/ɾis/ suffix
instr Instrumental/Commitative -(n)ion -/nio̯n/ suffix Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
loc Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") -(a)ftó -/f.ˈtu̹/ suffix þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
all Allative -(o)rion -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ suffix þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"


Grammatical number

Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective

· Plural marking
Grammatical gender Plural form Example
Animate umlaut+-n {´}n ‹´›-/n/ ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɐi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an)
umlaut+-an {´}n ‹´›-/ɐn/
Inanimate umlaut+-ran {´}ran ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran)
umlaut+-eþ {´}eþ ‹´›-/eθ/ ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbai̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ)
Indefinite umlaut+-aþ -/ɐθ/

Definiteness

Terms of endearment

· Diminutives
Grammatical gender Diminutive form Example
Animate - - -
preposition ‹som› /so̞m/ som lugr, little hand; som breja, little animal.
Inanimate
umlaut+-þu {´}þu ‹´›-/θu/
umlaut+-li {´}li ‹´›-/li/
Indefinite - - -
· Augmentatives
Grammatical gender Augmentative form Example
Animate -
preposition ‹det› /de̞t/ det _, big _; det _, big _.
Inanimate
-
Indefinite -

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the instrumental (inst), locative (loc) and allative (all) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the third person indefinite (3s.ind and 3p.ind) for all grammatical genders.

Person Grammatical case
nom gen acc dat inst loc all
Singular 1 ‹angr›
/ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
‹ór angren›
/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/
‹tró angr›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/
‹angris›
/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/
‹angrion›
/ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/
‹angraftó›
/ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
‹angorion›
/ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/
2 ‹setr›
/ˈse̞.tr̩/
‹ó þetren›
/ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/
‹tró śetr›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/
‹setris›
/ˈse̞.tɾis/
‹setrion›
/ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/
‹setraftó›
/se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/
‹setorion›
/ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/
3 anim ‹osta›
/ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
‹ór osten›
/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/
‹tró osta›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/
‹ostris›
/ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/
‹estrion›
/ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/
‹estraftó›
/ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/
‹estarion›
/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/
inan ‹masta›
/ˈmɑs.tɐ/
‹ó mwasten›
/ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/
‹tró wasta›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/
‹mastris›
/ˈmɑs.tɾis/
ind ‹esta›
/ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
‹ór esten›
/ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/
‹tró esta›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/
‹estris›
/ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/
Plural 1 ‹óstr›
/ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
‹ór óstren›
/ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/
‹tró óstr›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/
‹óstris›
/ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/
‹óstrion›
/ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/
‹óstraftó›
/ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/
‹óstrorion›
/ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
2 ‹hagr›
/ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/
‹ó kagren›
/ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/
‹tró gagr›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/
‹hagris›
/ˈhɑ.gɾis/
‹hagrion›
/ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/
‹hagraftó›
/hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/
‹hagorion›
/ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/
3 anim ‹jóka›
/ˈju̜.kɐ/
‹ó jóbken›
/ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/
‹tró ñóka›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/
‹jókris›
/ˈju̜.kɾis/
‹narkrion›
/ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/
‹narkaftó›
/nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/
‹narkorion›
/ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/
inan ‹méka›
/ˈmei̯.kɐ/
‹ó mwéken›
/ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/
‹tró wéka›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/
‹mékris›
/ˈmei̯.kɾis/
ind ‹narka›
/ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/
‹ó nwarken›
/ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/
‹tró ñarka›
/ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/
‹narkris›
/ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/

Adjectives

Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.

· Comparatives

Comparative constructions have the compared-to term affixed with the comparative suffix comp -(a)los. In this case, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the comparative construction (adjective plus compared-to noun or noun phrase). The adjective is prefixed with de-, from det.

· comp -(a)los -/ɐlos/ comparative Suffix From losi (adj.) “(to be) the other”
· det /ˈde̞t/ adjective particle with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.)

The structure of the comparative construction is:

[X] (is) er-[α] [Y]-than
(theme, what is being described) more-[adjective] [compared-to-noun]-than
de-[adjective] [compared-to-noun]-(a)los

For example:

[X] (is) er-[α] [Y]-than
[wolf/dog] er-[small] [house]-than
[gangr] de-[som] [þane]-los
gangr de-som þanelos
"the dog is smaller than the house"

· Superlatives

Superlative forms are marked as follows:

Grammatical gender Superlative form Example
Animate -
preposition ‹dette› /de̞.tːɘ/ (dette < det-det)
Inanimate
-
Indefinite -

Verbal morphology

Verb conjugation paradigms

i. -nur
ii. -tur
iii. -rur
iv. -jur

Verbal aspect markers

Particles and affixes

Marking hierarchy

Nouns

The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

0 1 2 3 4
noun det pl and nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all

In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is also preceded by a preposition.

Verbs

The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

-2 -1 0 1 2
Passive voice marker Aspect marker prefix verb Conjugation affix for person, number and mood Aspect marker suffix

Derivational morphology

Derivational particles and affixes

Function Marker Notes
nmlz Nominalizer i /ˈʔi/ preposition Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›

kronur “I speak” 1s.pres.ind

i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum}

[NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det]

= "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language.

det Determiner -rum -/ɾum/ suffix "the x" (instead of "a x")
and Coordinator -ór -/u̹ɾ/ preposition "and"
advm Adverbializer -(r)is -/ɾis/ suffix "x-ly", "in the maner of x"

turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner

pers Associated person -rir -/ɾiɾ/ suffix Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ríra, “person”

hlajur v. to.make, hlajrir n. maker.

assa n. forge, assarir n. smith.

tool Associated artifact, tool -(e)nar -/ɘnɐɾ/ suffix From nara, “thing, artifact, contraption”

iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair”

place Associated place -fér -/fe̞i̯ɾ/ suffix From féra, “place”.
land Region name -får(k) -/fɑɾk/ suffix From farka, “earth”.
col Colective noun -hir -/hiɾ/ suffix From hitr, “pack, herd”

sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain”

adj Adjetivizer -rin -/ɾin/ suffix Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured"


· Nominalizer (nmlz)


Derivation of nouns from verbs:

nmlz-[verb in the infinitive]


Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:

nmlz-[adjective]

dag, big; i-dag, bigness.

Discourse particles

Deictics

Spatial deixis

Temporal deixis

Syntax

Word order per sentence type

Sentence type Word order Marking Notes
Declarative sentences Active sentences Intransitive verbs SV nom-v -
Monotransitive verbs OSV acc-nom-v -
Ditransitive verbs OTSV acc-dat-nom-v -
Passive sentences SOV nom-acc-pvm-v -
Questions - - Focus fronting
Imperative sentences OVS acc-v-nom+det -

Lexicon


Citation forms:

· Nouns: nominative singular;

· Verbs: first person singular present active.

Orthography

Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script.

Samples

Sentences

ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen
/ˈʔu̜ ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
ó(r) {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n unda-rum-ór-(e)n fara-rum-(e)n
gen tree-det-and-gen bird-det-and-gen horse-det-gen
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale)

Other samples

I Kronurum has also taken part in the Fourth Linguifex Relay.