I Kronurum
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| I Kronurum | |
|---|---|
| "that which is spoken" | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/] |
| Created by | Nicolás Straccia |
| Setting | Unnamed conworld |
| Native to | The Marks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and some exclaves under their influence |
Northern Languages
| |
Early forms | Proto-Northern
|
The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].
Background
The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.
Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).
The developmental stage presented in this article is that of Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has already moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat, which was located in the plains in the northern region of the central continent. MIK is thus the main variety spoken in the region nearby and at the shores of the northern sea.
The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which is translated as "The Land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Igódánafáreþ ("Marks"), which hold periodical meetings regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of the hold.
Grammar
In a nutshell:
OSV
A/N
Pro-drop
[...]
PHONOLOGY
Vowels
Vowel inventory
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Vowel allophony
· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
Umlaut and diphtongues by umlaut
Other diphtongues
Consonants
Consonant inventory
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Fricative | (β) | f | θ ð | s | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
| Lateral fric. | (ɬ) | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
| Lateral app. | l |
Onset mutations
| Mutation grade | ||
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 |
| b- /b/~/β/ | p- /p/ | f- /f/ |
| d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ | þ- /θ/ |
| f- /f/ | p- /p/ | b- /b/~/β/ |
| h- /h/~/χ/ | k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
| j- /j/ | jw- /jʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ | h- /h/~/χ/ |
| l- /l/ | l- /l / | lh- /ɬ/ |
| m- /m/ | mw- /mʷ/ | w- /w/ |
| n- /n/ | nw- /nʷ/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| s- /s/ | þ- /θ/ | ś- /ʃ/ |
| t- /t/ | d- /d/ | ð- /ð/ |
| w- /w/ | gw- /gʷ/ | ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ |
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
Other contextual phonological phenomena
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
· -ren-rin- → -relin-
· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
Syllable structure
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.
MORPHOLOGY
Nominal morphology
Nouns are marked for case, number and definiteness.
Grammatical case
· Genitive
Some older genitive compounds do not display the onset mutation of the second element that follows the genitive preposition ór. For instance hissóhéuren vs. hissókéuren* (/ˈhi.sːa.hɘ.ju.ɾe̞n / vs / ˈhi.sːa.kɘ.ju.ɾe̞n /, i.e. "hiddenly worm", crysalis). This is part of the Discrepance on onset mutations controversy.
Declension particles and affixes
| Case | Marker | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom | Nominative | ∅ | The nominative case is not marked | ||
| gen | Genitive | ó(r) _-(e)n | /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ | preposition, suffix | Triggers mutation 1. Excrecent r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/ |
| akk | Accusative | tró | /ˈtɾu̹/ | preposition | Triggers mutation 2 |
| dat | Dative | -(r)is | -/ɾis/ | suffix | |
| instr | Instrumental/Commitative | -(n)ion | -/nio̯n/ | suffix | Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative |
| loc | Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") | -(a)ftó | -/f.ˈtu̹/ | suffix | þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home” |
| all | Allative | -(o)rion | -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ | suffix | þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound" |
Grammatical number
Here: singular vs. plural vs. collective
· Plural marking
| Grammatical gender | Plural form | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | umlaut+-n | {´}n | ‹´›-/n/ | ‹fara› /ˈfɑ.ɾɐ/ → ‹fáran› /ˈfɐi̯.ɾɐn/ (fara-{´}an) |
| umlaut+-an | {´}n | ‹´›-/ɐn/ | ||
| Inanimate | umlaut+-ran | {´}ran | ‹´›-/ɾɐn/ | ‹þane› /ˈθɑ.nɘ/ → ‹þáneran› /ˈθɑi̯.nɘ.ɾɐn/ (þane-{´}ran) |
| umlaut+-eþ | {´}eþ | ‹´›-/eθ/ | ‹baga› /ˈbɑ.gɐ/ → ‹bágeþ› /ˈbai̯.geθ/ (baga-{´}eþ) | |
| Indefinite | umlaut+-aþ | aþ | -/ɐθ/ | |
Definiteness
Terms of endearment
· Diminutives
| Grammatical gender | Diminutive form | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | - | - | - | |
| preposition | ‹som› | /so̞m/ | som lugr, little hand; som breja, little animal. | |
| Inanimate | ||||
| umlaut+-þu | {´}þu | ‹´›-/θu/ | ||
| umlaut+-li | {´}li | ‹´›-/li/ | ||
| Indefinite | - | - | - | |
· Augmentatives
| Grammatical gender | Augmentative form | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | - | |||
| preposition | ‹det› | /de̞t/ | det _, big _; det _, big _. | |
| Inanimate | ||||
| - | ||||
| Indefinite | - | |||
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are declined for grammatical case in the same manner as nouns. For the instrumental (inst), locative (loc) and allative (all) cases in the third person, the declined form is that of the third person indefinite (3s.ind and 3p.ind) for all grammatical genders.
| Person | Grammatical case | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom | gen | acc | dat | inst | loc | all | |||
| Singular | 1 | ‹angr› /ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/ |
‹ór angren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔɑŋ.gɾɘn/ |
‹tró angr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔɑŋ.gr̩/ |
‹angris› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾis/ |
‹angrion› /ˈʔɑŋ.gɾio̯n/ |
‹angraftó› /ʔɑŋ.gɾɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹angorion› /ˈʔɑŋ.go̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
| 2 | ‹setr› /ˈse̞.tr̩/ |
‹ó þetren› /ʔu̹ ˈθe̞.tɾɘn/ |
‹tró śetr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʃe̞.tr̩/ |
‹setris› /ˈse̞.tɾis/ |
‹setrion› /ˈse̞.tɾio̯n/ |
‹setraftó› /se̞.tɾɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹setorion› /ˈse̞.to̞.ɾio̯n/ | ||
| 3 | anim | ‹osta› /ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ór osten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔo̞s.tɘn/ |
‹tró osta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔo̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ostris› /ˈʔo̞s.tɾis/ |
‹estrion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾio̯n/ |
‹estraftó› /ʔe̞s.tɐf.ˈtu̹/ |
‹estarion› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ.ɾio̯n/ | |
| inan | ‹masta› /ˈmɑs.tɐ/ |
‹ó mwasten› /ʔu̹ ˈmʷɑs.tɘn/ |
‹tró wasta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwɑs.tɐ/ |
‹mastris› /ˈmɑs.tɾis/ | |||||
| ind | ‹esta› /ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/ |
‹ór esten› /ʔu̹ɾ ˈʔe̞s.tɘn/ |
‹tró esta› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔe̞s.tɐ/ |
‹estris› /ˈʔe̞s.tɾis/ | |||||
| Plural | 1 | ‹óstr› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/ |
‹ór óstren› /ˈʔu̜ɾ ˈʔu̜s.tɾən/ |
‹tró óstr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈʔu̜s.tɾ̩/ |
‹óstris› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾis/ |
‹óstrion› /ˈʔu̜s.tɾio̯n/ |
‹óstraftó› /ʔu̜s.tɾɐf.ˈtu̜/ |
‹óstrorion› /ʔu̜s.tɾo̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
| 2 | ‹hagr› /ˈhɑ.gɾ̩/ |
‹ó kagren› /ˈʔu̜ ˈkɑ.gɾɘn/ |
‹tró gagr› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈgɑ.gɾ̩/ |
‹hagris› /ˈhɑ.gɾis/ |
‹hagrion› /ˈhɑ.gɾio̯n/ |
‹hagraftó› /hɑ.gɾɐf.ˈtu/ |
‹hagorion› /ˈhɑ.gɾo̞.ɾio̯n/ | ||
| 3 | anim | ‹jóka› /ˈju̜.kɐ/ |
‹ó jóbken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈju̜β.kɘn/ |
‹tró ñóka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲu̜.kɐ/ |
‹jókris› /ˈju̜.kɾis/ |
‹narkrion› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾio̯n/ |
‹narkaftó› /nɑɾ.kɐf.ˈtu/ |
‹narkorion› /ˈnɑɾ.ko̞.ɾio̯n/ | |
| inan | ‹méka› /ˈmei̯.kɐ/ |
‹ó mwéken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈmʷei̯.kɘn/ |
‹tró wéka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈwei̯.kɐ/ |
‹mékris› /ˈmei̯.kɾis/ | |||||
| ind | ‹narka› /ˈnɑɾ.kɐ/ |
‹ó nwarken› /ˈʔu̜ ˈnʷɑɾ.kɘn/ |
‹tró ñarka› /ˈtɾu̜ ˈɲɑɾ.kɐ/ |
‹narkris› /ˈnɑɾ.kɾis/ | |||||
Adjectives
Adjectives precede the noun they modify. They agree in case and number with the modified noun.
· Comparatives
Comparative constructions have the compared-to term affixed with the comparative suffix comp -(a)los. In this case, the modified noun precedes the "adjective", i.e. the comparative construction (adjective plus compared-to noun or noun phrase). The adjective is prefixed with de-, from det.
| · comp | -(a)los | -/ɐlos/ | comparative | Suffix | From losi (adj.) “(to be) the other” |
| · det | /ˈde̞t/ | adjective particle | with x, x-ful, having x (n.); very x (adj.) |
The structure of the comparative construction is:
| [X] | (is) | er-[α] | [Y]-than |
|---|---|---|---|
| (theme, what is being described) | more-[adjective] | [compared-to-noun]-than | |
| de-[adjective] | [compared-to-noun]-(a)los |
For example:
| [X] | (is) | er-[α] | [Y]-than |
| [wolf/dog] | er-[small] | [house]-than | |
| [gangr] | de-[som] | [þane]-los | |
| ‹gangr de-som þanelos› | |||
| "a dog is smaller than a house" | |||
· Superlatives
Superlative forms are marked as follows:
| Grammatical gender | Superlative form | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animate | - | |||
| preposition | ‹dette› | /de̞.tːɘ/ | (dette < det-det) | |
| Inanimate | ||||
| - | ||||
| Indefinite | - | |||
Verbal morphology
Verb conjugation paradigms
i. -nur
Consonant theme; mostly verbs of movement.
| finite forms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||||
| past | singular | |||||||
| 1 | √-nura | þar √-nura | √´-nura | þar √´-nura | n/a | |||
| 2 | √-neþan | þar √-neþan | √´-neþan | þar √´-neþan | ||||
| 3 | anim | √-naran | þar √-naran | √´-naran | þar √´-naran | |||
| inan | √-nera | þar √-nera | √´-nera | þar √´-nera | ||||
| ind | √-nturan | þar √-nturan | √´-nturan | þar √´-nturan | ||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | √-nurtan | þar √-nurtan | √´-nurtan | þar √´-nurtan | ||||
| 2 | √-néþan | þar √-néþan | √´-néþan | þar √´-néþan | ||||
| 3 | anim | √-náran | þar √-náran | √´-náran | þar √´-náran | |||
| inan | √-néren | þar √-néren | √´-néren | þar √´-néren | ||||
| ind | √-nturan | þar √-nturan | √´-nturan | þar √´-nturan | ||||
| present | singular | |||||||
| 1 | √-nur | þar √-nur | √´-nur | þar √´-nur | n/a | |||
| 2 | √-neþ | þar √-neþ | √´-neþ | þar √´-neþ | √-neþur | |||
| 3 | anim | √-nara | þar √-nara | √´-nara | þar √´-nara | √-niri | ||
| inan | √-nere | þar √-nere | √´-nere | þar √´-nere | ||||
| ind | √-ntur | þar √-ntur | √´-ntur | þar √´-ntur | ||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | √-nurtu | þar √-nurtu | √´-nurtu | þar √´-nurtu | n/a | |||
| 2 | √-néþu | þar √-néþu | √´-néþu | þar √´-néþu | √-néþur | |||
| 3 | anim | √-náru | þar √-náru | √´-náru | þar √´-náru | √-níri | ||
| inan | √-nére | þar √-nére | √´-nére | þar √´-nére | ||||
| ind | √-nturu | þar √-nturu | √´-nturu | þar √´-nturu | ||||
| future | singular | |||||||
| 1 | √-sur | þar √-sur | √´-sur | þar √´-sur | n/a | |||
| 2 | √-set | þar √-set | √´-set | þar √´-set | ||||
| 3 | anim | √-sar | þar √-sar | √´-sar | þar √´-sar | |||
| inan | √-ser | þar √-ser | √´-ser | þar √´-ser | ||||
| ind | √-þur | þar √-þur | √´-þur | þar √´-þur | ||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | √-su | þar √-su | √´-su | þar √´-su | ||||
| 2 | √-sétur | þar √-sétur | √´-sétur | þar √´-sétur | ||||
| 3 | anim | √-sárur | þar √-sárur | √´-sárur | þar √´-sárur | |||
| inan | √-séru | þar √-séru | √´-séru | þar √´-séru | ||||
| ind | √-þurtu | þar √-þurtu | √´-þurtu | þar √´-þurtu | ||||
| non-finite forms | ||||||||
| infinitive | √-nni | |||||||
| past participle | e(n)-√-nuri | |||||||
| present participle | ë-nna | |||||||
ii. -tur
Mostly stative verbs
| finite forms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||||
| past | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| present | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| future | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| non-finite forms | ||||||||
| infinitive | ||||||||
| past participle | ||||||||
| present participle | ||||||||
iii. -rur
| finite forms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||||
| past | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| present | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| future | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| non-finite forms | ||||||||
| infinitive | ||||||||
| past participle | ||||||||
| present participle | ||||||||
iv. -jur
| finite forms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | subjunctive | imperative | ||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||||
| past | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| present | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| future | singular | |||||||
| 1 | n/a | |||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| plural | ||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | ||||||||
| 3 | anim | |||||||
| inan | ||||||||
| ind | ||||||||
| non-finite forms | ||||||||
| infinitive | ||||||||
| past participle | ||||||||
| present participle | ||||||||
Verbal aspect markers
| aspect | marker | theme | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| consonant | vowel | ||||
| Continuous | cont | Ø- (unmarked) | ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur›, I’m speaking Ikronurum | ||
| Gnomic | gnom | [conjugated verb] ini | /ˈʔi.ni/ | (postposition) ‹Ikronurum (angr) kronur ini›, I speak Ikronurum | |
| Perfect | perf | j(ó)- | /ju̹.ˈ/- | /ˈjV/- | Vowel theme: ‹j-›; consonant theme: ‹jó-› |
| Imperfect | imp | ke- | /ke̞.ˈ/- | /ke̞.ˈʔ/- | Vowel theme: there’s a glottal stop before the root-vowel. |
| Intensive1 | int1 | ja(g)- | /jɑˈɣ/- | Movement: to.walk → to.parade | |
| Intensive2 | int2 | a(l)- | /ʔɑ.ˈ/ | /ʔɑ.ˈlV/ | Abstract: to.wish → to.hope |
| Attenuative | atten | -(e)t- | -/ɘt/- | -/t/- | (infix) to.water → to.sprinkle(with water) |
Particles and affixes
| Function | Marker | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pvm | Passive voice marker | þar | /ˈθɑɾ/ | particle/preposition | |
| aux | Auxiliar particle | gar | /ˈgɑɾ/ | particle/preposition | "composite" verbs: „gesagt haben“, «gar ekronuri» |
| hort | Hortative particle | heŕan | /ˈhe̞.rɐn/ | particle/preposition | [HORT]+[pers.pron.+DAT]+[verb] |
| neg | Negation of an action | ren | /ˈre̞n/ | particle/preposition | (it won’t x, it doesn’t x) |
| caus | Causative | -a- | -/ɑ/- | affix | Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-caus-[verb.declension]
nimr water; nimrajur to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc) |
Marking hierarchy
Nouns
The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| √noun | det | pl | and | nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all |
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is also preceded by a preposition.
Verbs
The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:
| -2 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive voice marker | Aspect marker prefix | √verb | Conjugation affix for person, number and mood | Aspect marker suffix |
Derivational morphology
Derivational particles and affixes
| Function | Marker | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nmlz | Nominalizer | i | /ˈʔi/ | preposition | Mostly paired with the determiner suffix ‹-rum›
kronur “I speak” 1s.pres.ind i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum} [NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det] = "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language. |
| det | Determiner | -rum | -/ɾum/ | suffix | "the x" (instead of "a x") |
| and | Coordinator | -ór | -/u̹ɾ/ | preposition | "and" |
| advm | Adverbializer | -(r)is | -/ɾis/ | suffix | "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner |
| pers | Associated person | -rir | -/ɾiɾ/ | suffix | Forms actor nouns from verbs and nouns; from ríra, “person”
hlajur v. to.make, hlajrir n. maker. assa n. forge, assarir n. smith. |
| tool | Associated artifact, tool | -(e)nar | -/ɘnɐɾ/ | suffix | From nara, “thing, artifact, contraption”
iltur “to.rest” > ilturenar “chair” |
| place | Associated place | -fér | -/fe̞i̯ɾ/ | suffix | From féra, “place”. |
| land | Region name | -får(k) | -/fɑɾk/ | suffix | From farka, “earth”. |
| col | Colective noun | -hir | -/hiɾ/ | suffix | From hitr, “pack, herd”
sigra “drop” > sigrahir “rain” |
| adj | Adjetivizer | -rin | -/ɾin/ | suffix | Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured" |
· Nominalizer (nmlz)
Derivation of nouns from verbs:
nmlz-[verb in the infinitive]
Derivation of nouns from adjectives and past-participles:
nmlz-[adjective]
dag, big; i-dag, bigness.
Discourse particles
Deictics
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
Syntax
Word order per sentence type
| Sentence type | Word order | Marking | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Declarative sentences | Active sentences | Intransitive verbs | SV | nom-v | - |
| Monotransitive verbs | OSV | acc-nom-v | - | ||
| Ditransitive verbs | OTSV | acc-dat-nom-v | - | ||
| Passive sentences | SOV | nom-acc-pvm-v | - | ||
| Questions | - | - | Focus fronting | ||
| Imperative sentences | OVS | acc-v-nom+det | - | ||
Lexicon
Citation forms:
· Nouns: nominative singular;
· Verbs: first person singular present active.
Orthography
Besides the history of the in-world, "native" orthographies of the different historical stages of I Kronurum, there are two transliteration standards: a romanization, and a variation on Ulfilas' Gothic script.
| Orthographies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consonants | ||||
| IPA value | Latin letter | Gothic letter | Native orthography | Notes |
| p | p | - | - | - |
| b | b | - | - | - |
| t | t | - | - | - |
| d | d | - | - | - |
| k | k | - | - | - |
| g | g | - | - | - |
| m | m | - | - | - |
| n | n | - | - | - |
| ɲ | ñ, ń, nj | - | - | - |
| r | ŕ, rr | - | - | - |
| ɾ | r | - | - | - |
| f | f | - | - | - |
| θ | þ | - | - | - |
| ð | ð | - | - | - |
| s | s | - | - | - |
| ʃ | ś | - | - | - |
| h | h | - | - | - |
| w | w | - | - | - |
| j | j | - | - | - |
| l | l | - | - | - |
| ɬ | lh | - | - | - |
| Vowels | ||||
| ɑ | a, å | - | - | The graphy ‹å› is used for the causative marker caus ‹-a-› to be pronounced as /ɑ/, which happens in a position in which ‹a› would be realized either as /a/ or /ɐ/ |
| i | i | - | - | - |
| e̞ | e | - | - | - |
| o̞ | o | - | - | - |
| u | u | - | - | - |
| u̹ | ó | - | - | From an early long o vowel; AIK and OIK ‹ō› /oː/, EMIK ‹ó› /oʊ̯/ |
Samples
Sentences
| ‹ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen› | |||||
| /ˈʔu̜ | ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | | | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/ |
| ó(r) | {b→p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n | unda-rum-ór-(e)n | fara-rum-(e)n | ||
| gen | tree-det-and-gen | bird-det-and-gen | horse-det-gen | ||
| "of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale) | |||||
Other samples
I Kronurum has also taken part in the Fourth Linguifex Relay.