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Slightly dated versions of the language were featured in the [[Third Linguifex Relay/Tsan|third]] and [[Fourth Linguifex Relay|fourth Linguifex relay]]s. These are probably not a good source for the constructed language, but they do give the reader an impression of Kandi's evolution.
Slightly dated versions of the language were featured in the [[Third Linguifex Relay/Tsan|third]] and [[Fourth Linguifex Relay|fourth Linguifex relay]]s. These are probably not a good source for the constructed language, but they do give the reader an impression of Kandi's evolution.
==Background==
==Background==
The language was supposedly first documented scholarly by the Belgian linguists Émile d'Ivoire and his Scottish colleague John Glenn Crossing, both of which were experienced in the field of the related Jivan languages, including for example the [[Ris]]. They first encountered the Kandi people in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century south of the Caspian Sea, in what is now Northern Iran. The Kandis dwelled in small villages intentionally isolated from the rest of the country. Crossing recognised the language's syntactic pecularities and assessed it could be related to the Jivan languages, a then rather unfounded speculation.
The language was supposedly first documented scholarly by the Belgian linguists Émile d'Ivoire and his Scottish colleague John Glenn Crossing, both of which were experienced in the field of the related Jivan languages, including for example the [[Ris]]. They first encountered the Kandi people in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century south of the Caspian Sea, in what is now Northern Iran. The Kandis dwelled in small villages intentionally isolated from the rest of the country. Crossing recognised the language's syntactic pecularities and conjectured it could be related to the Jivan languages, a then rather unfounded speculation.


The Kandi language, which the natives had not given a name, was eponymously named after the speakers themselves; '''''kāndi''''' meaning ''handy'' in the language. The word is most likely related to Jávva '''''gánne''''', Wok '''''khaṃ'''''  and Ris '''''sān''''', and kan be traced back to the hypothetical Proto-Jasi-Jivan form '''''*kʰãn'''''.
The Kandi language, which the natives had not given a name, was eponymously named after the speakers themselves; '''''kāndi''''' meaning ''handy'' in the language. The word is most likely related to Jávva '''''gánne''''', Wok '''''khaṃ'''''  and Ris '''''san''''', and can be traced back to the hypothetical Proto-Jasi-Jivan form '''''*kʰãn'''''. The name soon stuck with the Kandi people, although quite a few still call the language '''''kitsūyiwīn''''', ''our language''. That name is hardly very catchy though.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholars in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±.
The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholar in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. Phonemic sounds are marked with slash brackets / / and more deeply analysed sounds are marked with square brackets [ ].
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants===
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants===
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. Émile analyses the Tsani inventory as unusual in that it has [[w:ejective consonants|ejective consonants]], as well as an ill-defined [[w:dorsal consonants|dorsal consonant]]. The consonantal phonology is fairly symmetrical.
The following is the Kandi inventory of consonants, as analysed by d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language.  


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
Line 70: Line 70:
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /pʼ/
| '''b''' /b/
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /tʼ/
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|
| '''g''' /kʼ/
| '''g''' /g/
|[ʔ]
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
Line 89: Line 89:
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
|
|'''th/θ '''/θ/
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''s''' /s/
|
|
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''h''' /x/
|'''x''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
| [β̞]
|'''w''' /β̞/
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|'''l''' /l/
|  
|  
| '''w''' /ɰ/ [w]
|'''ǧ''' /ɰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
|  
|  
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ ~ r/
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ~r/
|
|
|}
|}




D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into four categories by length; granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable.  
D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, as per his conclusion that there were three phonemic short vowels, /i/, /a/, /u/, and three phonemic "long" vowels. The quality of the long vowels is rarely realised as the same as their short counterparts however, but it is likely that they once only differed in quantity, making vowel length a truly distinctive feature.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''D'Ivoire model'''
|+ '''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral
|-
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close front unrounded
! style="" |Close front unrounded
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ii''' /i:/
| '''ī''' /iː/ [iː]
| '''í''' /iɰ/
| -
|-
|-
! style="" |Open back unrounded
! style="" |Open back unrounded
| '''a''' /a/  
| '''a''' /a/  
| '''aa''' /aː/  
| '''ā''' /aː/ [ɔ]
| '''á''' /aɰ/
| '''áa''' /aːɰ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close back rounded
! style="" |Close back rounded
|'''u''' /u/
|'''u''' /u/
|'''uu''' /uː/
|'''ū''' /uː/ [u͜β̞]
|'''ú''' /uɰ/
|'''úu''' /uːɰ/
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Phonotactics==
The composition of Kandi words and syllables is restricted, and phonemes undergo a few morphophonemic changes when interacting across morpheme boundaries. Due to the the synthetic nature of the language, some enclitics and affixes may be obscured because of these changes. The morphophonology is highly dependent upon various assimilations, syncope and a few epenthetical vowels.


====Debuccalisation of nasal stops====
===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.''
The minimal Kandi syllable is simply V, and the maximal structure is CrVCC, where V may be either long or short. In case the following syllable begins with a consonant, the resulting cluster is simplified.


::''An unprecedented change in the language is the apparent debuccalisation of the nasal stops, that is, «m» /m/ and «n» /n/. In the language, these phonemes have been completely lost in all but the word initial positions. The nasal stops are debuccalised into a ''coup de glotte'', [ʔ] intervocalically. The glottal stop is deleted in word final and pre-consonantal positions.''
The Kandi consonant cluster VCCV is subject to a few rules.
*All nasal plosives N (C[stop][+nas]) voice both preceding and following stops P (C[stop][-nas]).  
::NP[-voice] > NP[+voice]
::P[-voice]N > P[+voice]N
*


Émile does not represent the nasalisation and debuccalisation in his transcription of the language. Other linguists prefer to analyse the process as a nasalisation of the preceding vowels, after which the nasals are lost. They claim the glottal stop is a consequence of diaeresis. D'Ivoire defends his assertion by pointing out the widespread glottalisation of intervocalic stops.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
 
! rowspan="2" | Initial Consonant
There is also notable discussion concerning Émile's terminology, since ''debuccalisation'' is a term reserved for oral stops. Some consider the process a denasalisation, followed by a debuccalisation. This is however, no record of any intermediary stages.
! colspan="20" | Final Consonant
{{gloss/indexable
|- 
|phrase = kshin
! m
|IPA = /kɕin/ → [kɕẽ]
! n
| morphemes = kshin-∅
! p
| gloss = long.N-3SG.PROX.HO
! t
| translation = It is long.
! k
| index = 1
! b
}}{{gloss/indexable
! d
|phrase = transhi
! g
|IPA = /tranɕi/ → [tʀɑ̃ɕi]
! s
| morphemes = transhi-∅
! š
| gloss = mouth.N-3SG.PROX.HO
! tl
| translation = It is a mouth.
! ts
| index = 2
! tš
}}{{gloss/indexable
! h
|phrase = ksuma
! x
|IPA = /ksuma/ → [ksũʔa]
! w
| morphemes = ksuma-∅
! ǧ
| gloss = belly.N-3SG.PROX.HO
! y
| translation = It is a belly.
! l
| index = 3
! r
}}
|- 
 
! m
====Allophony of the velar approximant====
| mm
The velar approximant '''w''' /ɰ/ is a particularly elusive phoneme, and is subject to a great deal of allophony. Émile d'Ivoire describes this phoneme as highly variable in the language.
| mb
 
| mb
:''The semi-consonant commonly analysed as a velar approximant, is a true ''caméléon'' and has three different allophones, depending on the following vowel. Whilst historically analysed as purely velar, my research finds that it is variously bilabialised as [β̞] or palatalised into [j]. The pure velar approximant [ɰ] also occurs.''
| nd
 
| ng
He goes on to describe the environments triggering the allophony.
| mb
 
| nd
:''The bilabial approximant [β̞] is produced near the close back rounded vowel '''u''' /u/, and the palatal approximant '''y''' [j] is produced when adjacent to the close front unrounded vowel '''i''' /j/. Finally [ɰ] is used with the open back unrounded vowel '''a''' /a/.''
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| mm
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
|
| ndr
|- 
! n
| nd
| nn
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| nn
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
|
| ndr
|- 
! p
|mb
|mb
|pp
|pt
|
|bb
|pt
|
|ps
|pš
|
|
|
|pp
|pš
|ppuh
|bb
|pp
|
|
|- 
! t
|
|
|pt
|tt
|tš
|ttuh
|tt
|dd
|ts
|tš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|tt
|tš
|ttuh
|dd
|dd
|tl
|tr
|- 
! k
|ǧm
|ǧn
|
|št
|kk
|guh
|št
|gg
|ks
|kš
|
|ts
|tš
|x
|x
|kkuh
|gg
|gg
|
|
|- 
! b
|mm
|mm
|pp
|ud
|uǧ
|w
|ud
|uǧ
|
|
|
|
|
|bb
|ux
|w
|uǧ
|bb
|
|
|- 
! d
|
|
|pt
|tt
|kk
|duh
|dd
|gg
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|dd
|ǧǧ
|duh
|ǧ
|dd
|tl
|tr
|- 
! g
|ǧm
|ǧn
|pp
|tt
|kk
|guh
|dd
|gg
|ks
|kš
|
|
|
|ǧ
|ǧ
|guh
|g
|ǧ
|
|
|-
! s
|šm
|
|sp
|st
|ks
|suh
|st
|ks
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|ss
|šš
|suh
|x
|š
|
|
|-
! š
|šm
|
|šp
|št
|kš
|šuh
|št
|kš
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|šš
|šš
|šuh
|x
|š
|
|
|-
! tl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! ts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! tš
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! h
|
|
|pp
|tt
|kk
|pp
|tt
|kk
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|x
|x
|w
|ǧǧ
|yy
|ll
|rr
|- 
! x
|ǧm
|ǧn
|šp
|št
|x
|šp
|št
|kš
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|x
|x
|xuh
|ǧ
|x
|
|
|-
! w
|mm
|mm
|bb
|ud
|uǧ
|bb
|ud
|uǧ
|us
|uš
|
|
|
|w
|uǧ
|w
|uǧ
|w
|
|
|- 
! y
|mm
|mm
|pp
|tt
|yy
|bb
|dd
|yy
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|yy
|x
|w
|ǧǧ
|yy
|ll
|rr
|- 
! l
|
|
|
|tl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ll
|
|luh
|
|ll
|ll
|
|- 
! r
|ndr
|ndr
|
|tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|rr
|
|ruh
|
|rr
|rr
|
|}


The conditions are the following:
==Syllable structure and phonological processes==
*ɰ > {β̞, j, ɰ} / _ {u, i a}C
*ɰ > {β̞, j, ɰ} /  {u, i a}_C
 
Additionally, [w, β̞, ɰ] occur in the so called diphthongs and long diphthongs, namely '''á''', '''áa''', '''ú''', and '''úu''', with their associated vowels. When a diphthong precedes a nasal, the nasal is lost.
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wínda
|IPA = /ɰiːntʼa/ → [jiːntʼa]
| morphemes = wínda-∅
| gloss = hearing.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is an ear. (''arch.'')
| index = 4
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wawukí
|IPA = /ɰaɰukiː/ → [ɰaβ̞ukiɨ̯]
| morphemes = w-a-wu-k-í
| gloss = 1.DYN-HE-seeing-2.STAT-HE
| translation = I see you.
| index = 5
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = thúri
|IPA = /θuːri/ → [θuβ̞ʀi]
| morphemes = thúri-∅
| gloss = woman.F-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is woman. (''arch.'')
| index = 6
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kúusi
|IPA = /kuːːsi/ → [kuːβ̞si]
| morphemes = kúusi-∅
| gloss = sadness.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is sadness.
| index = 7
}}
 
====Allophony of vowels====
D'Ivoire did indeed standardise the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, but he did also supply a more detailed transcription of how the velar approximant and the debuccalisation of nasal stops affected the articulation of vowels. He divided the four primary vowels into another two categories, ''nasal'' and ''oral''.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 850px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''D'Ivoire model'''
! colspan="9" | Orthography and vowels
|-
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Nasal
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
|-
| '''i''' [i]
| '''ii''' [i:]
| '''í''' [iɨ̯]
| -
| '''in''' · '''im''' [ẽ]
| '''iin''' · '''iim''' [ẽ:]
| '''ín''' · '''ím''' [in]
| -
|-
| '''a''' [a]
| '''aa''' [aː]
| '''á''' [aɰ]
| '''áa''' [aːɰ]
| '''an''' · '''am''' [ɑ̃]
| '''aan''' · '''aam'''[ɑ̃ː]
| '''án''' · '''ám''' [ʌŋ]
| '''áan''' · '''áam''' [ʌːŋ]
|-
|'''u''' [u]
|'''uu''' [uː]
|'''ú''' [uβ̞]
|'''úu''' [uːβ̞]
|'''un''' · '''um''' [ũ]
|'''uun''' · '''uum''' [ũː]
|'''ún''' · '''úm''' [um]
|'''úun''' · '''úum''' [uːm]
|-
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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{{Seealso/qts}}
{{Seealso/qts}}
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Tsan]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Tsan]][[Category:User:Waahlis]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]]
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