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<!-- ==Pronominal predicatives==
{{Ambox
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsible" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
| name  = construction
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type  = notice
| image = [[File:rissphere.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = got infected with a nasty case of ''topic-comment'' grammar, and needs to be treated accordingly.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Kandi
|altname = Tsan
|nativename = Kándi tsúyi
|pronunciation = kaːndɪ t͡suβ̞ʝɪ
|creator = User:Waahlis
|setting = Unknown conworld
<!-- |region = West Africa
|states = Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso -->
|speakers = 4 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam1 = Jasi-Jivan
|fam2 = Tanisi
|ancestor = Proto-Kandi
|clcr = qts
|script1        = Latn
|agency        = ''Aytšin Tatšūkkāndi''
|notice = IPA
}}
'''Kāndi''', or '''Tsan''' (''kándi tsúyi'' or ''tsani tsúyi'') is a language spoken by the Tsan people. It belongs to the Tanisi language family and is thus distantly related to the [[Ris]] language. Kandi is a heavily [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking [[w:nouns|nouns]] and [[w:adjectives|adjectives]] altogether, in favour of [[w:verb|verb]]s.
 
<!-- ==Etymology==
The word ''tsan'' is the Kandi word for "''hand''" and is most often used to denote the speakers of the language, the Tsan people. As with most words in Kandi, the word has an adjectival meaning as well, and is usually translated as "''to be crafty''". -->
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The Kandi inventory of consonants is very symmetrical. In D'Ivoires first model, he was mistaken and realised the velar approximant /ɰ/ as a variation of the long vowels. Comparative studies of the Ris and Jávva languages proved this to be wrong.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Bilabial
!Dental
! colspan="3"|Alveolar
! rowspan="2"|Dorsal
 
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>palatal</small>
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2" |Nasals
|'''m''' /m/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3"|Stops
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Stative and dynamic affixes
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
| colspan="2"|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
|
|
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ/
|'''tš '''/t͡ɕ/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''x''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>person</small> →
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
! scope="col"|1
|'''w''' /β̞/
! scope="col"|2
|
! scope="col"|3.PROX (3)
|
! scope="col"|3.OBV (4)
|'''l''' /l/
! scope="col"|0
|
|'''ǧ''' /ɰ/
|
|-
|-
| ''-w-''
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
| ''-k-''
|
| -
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ~r/
| ''-y-''
|
| ''-h-''
|}
 
===Vowels===
D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, as per his conclusion that there were four phonemic short vowels, /i/, /a/, /u/, /ɔ/ and three phonemic "long" vowels. The quality of the long vowels is however rarely realised as the same as their short counterparts. It is likely that they once only differed in length, but such is no longer the case.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Stative
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|
| ''-á-''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| ''-wá''
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| ''-ká''
| ''-í'' (''Vy'')
| ''-yá''
| ''-há''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
! style="" |Close front unrounded
| ''-í-''
| '''i''' /i/
| ''-wí''
| '''í''' /iː/ [iː]
| ''-kí''
| -
| ''-yi''
| ''-hí''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Dynamic
! style="" |Open back unrounded
| '''a''' /a/
| '''á''' /aː/ [æ]
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>same</small>
! style="" |Open-mid back rounded
| ''-u-''
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|''wu-''
| '''ó''' /ɔː/
|''ku-''
|''u-''
|''yu-''
|''hu-''
|-
|-
! scope="row"|<small>different</small>
! style="" |Close back rounded
|''-a-''
|'''u''' /u/
|''wa-''
|'''ú''' /uː/ [u͜β̞]
|''ka-''
|''a-''
|''ya-''
|''ha-''
|-
|-
|} -->
|}
 
 
===Morphophonology===


==Noun class specifers==
==Noun class specifers==
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|''-im''
|''-im''
|''-nna''
|''-nna''
|''-ūnna''
|''-únna''
|''-yme''
|''-yme''
|''-imme''
|''-imme''
Line 104: Line 195:
|''ki-''
|''ki-''
|''kin-''
|''kin-''
|''-ūnna''
|''-únna''
|''-yunna''
|''-yunna''
|
|
Line 126: Line 217:
|
|
|
|
| long/straight/thing objects
| long/straight objects, instruments
|-
|-
! VIII
! VIII
|''-kka''
|''-kka''
|''-ākka''
|''-ákka''
|
|
|
|
Line 159: Line 250:
|index = 1
|index = 1
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = agūrri
|phrase = agúrri
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪ]
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪ]
| morphemes = agūrri-∅
| morphemes = agúrri-∅
| gloss = boy({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = boy({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = It is a boy.
| translation = It is a boy.
Line 167: Line 258:
}}
}}


In a similar fashion there is '''''wī''''', '''''yīn''''' ({{sc|PL}}), '''''sir'''''; content words for ''me'', ''you'', ''this'', et c., equivalent to English pronouns. In order to create a predicative expression of the type {{sc|I am + noun/adj}}, these are fixed to the end of the word. In most circumstances these ''pronominal predicatives'' are clitical.
In a similar fashion there is '''''wí''''', '''''yín''''' ({{sc|PL}}), '''''sir'''''; content words for ''me'', ''you'', ''this'', et c., equivalent to English pronouns. In order to create a predicative expression of the type {{sc|I am + noun/adj}}, these are fixed to the end of the word. In most circumstances these ''pronominal predicatives'' are clitical.
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wī
|phrase = wí
|IPA = [wɪː]
|IPA = [wɪː]
| morphemes = wī-∅
| morphemes = wí-∅
| gloss = {{sc|1SG}}(I)-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = {{sc|1SG}}(I)-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = It is I (It is me)
| translation = It is I (It is me)
| index = 3
| index = 3
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = agūrriwī
|phrase = agúrriwí
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪwɪː]
|IPA = [agu͜βrɪwɪː]
| morphemes = katsa-∅=wī
| morphemes = katsa-∅=wí
| gloss = boy({{sc|I}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = boy({{sc|I}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am a boy.
| translation = I am a boy.
| index = 4
| index = 4
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = katsayīn
|phrase = katsayín
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajɪːn]
|IPA = [ˈkat͡sajɪːn]
| morphemes = katsa-∅=yīn
| morphemes = katsa-∅=yín
| gloss = songbird({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|2PL}}
| gloss = songbird({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|2PL}}
| translation = You are songbirds.
| translation = You are songbirds.
Line 191: Line 282:
}}
}}


This is all fine and dandy, but you may ask yourself, what about predicative expressions with adjectives? How do I describe things? Kāndi does not only lack a verb and noun distinction, it does not have adjectives in their own right either. Rather, some content words are more like adjectives than others, confer '''''kirim''''', ''something red'':
This is all fine and dandy, but you may ask yourself, what about predicative expressions with adjectives? How do I describe things? Kandi does not only lack a verb and noun distinction, it does not have adjectives in their own right either. Rather, some content words are more like adjectives than others, confer '''''kirim''''', ''something red'':
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kirim
|phrase = kirim
Line 200: Line 291:
| index = 6
| index = 6
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kirimmī
|phrase = kirimmí
|IPA = [kɪˈɾɪbmɪː]
|IPA = [kɪˈɾɪbmɪː]
| morphemes = kirim-∅=wī
| morphemes = kirim-∅=wí
| gloss = red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am something red (I am red)
| translation = I am something red (I am red)
Line 217: Line 308:
| index = 7
| index = 7
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = walīlak kirim
|phrase = walílak kirim
|IPA = [waˈlɪːlak kɪˈɾɪm]
|IPA = [waˈlɪːlak kɪˈɾɪm]
| morphemes = wa-līlak-∅ kirim-∅
| morphemes = wa-lílak-∅ kirim-∅
| gloss = {{sc|SPEC.SG.IV}}-flower({{sc|IV}})-{{sc|PRED}} red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = {{sc|SPEC.SG.IV}}-flower({{sc|IV}})-{{sc|PRED}} red({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The flower is red
| translation = The flower is red
| index = 8
| index = 8
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = okūnna amik
|phrase = okúnna amik
|IPA = [okˈʊːdna aˈmɪk]
|IPA = [okˈʊːdna aˈmɪk]
| morphemes = ok-∅-ūnna amik-∅
| morphemes = ok-∅-únna amik-∅
| gloss = eye({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|SPEC.DU.V}} pebble({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = eye({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|SPEC.DU.V}} pebble({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The eyes are pebbles
| translation = The eyes are pebbles
Line 243: Line 334:
| index = 10
| index = 10
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = šayyū
|phrase = šayyú
|IPA = [ˈʃajːʊ͜β]
|IPA = [ˈʃajːʊ͜β]
| morphemes = šay-y-yū-∅
| morphemes = šay-y-yú-∅
| gloss = girl({{sc|V}})-{{sc|COMP}}-pretty({{sc|VIII}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| gloss = girl({{sc|V}})-{{sc|COMP}}-pretty({{sc|VIII}})-{{sc|PRED}}
| translation = The girl is pretty
| translation = The girl is pretty
| index = 11
| index = 11
}}
}}
These compounds are no longer very common, and they are sometimes used attributively, confer ''the pretty girl'', instead of ''the girl is pretty''. Most of them have become fixed phrases, '''''šayyū''''' is a common way to call for a girl, for example. The word '''''okkamik''''' on the other hand is used for especially unempathetic people. Other examples include '''''omōkkānay''''', ''God is great'', and '''''wānawakāyuma''''', ''the sky is endless''.
These compounds are no longer very common, and they are sometimes used attributively, confer ''the pretty girl'', instead of ''the girl is pretty''. Most of them have become fixed phrases, '''''šayyú''''' is a common way to call for a girl, for example. The word '''''okkamik''''' on the other hand is used for especially unempathetic people. Other examples include '''''omókkánay''''', ''God is great'', and '''''wánawakáyuma''''', ''the sky is endless''.
== Intransitive clauses ==
== Intransitive clauses ==
:''See also: [[Kandi/Sandbox#Predicative_expressions|Kandi/Predicative expressions]]''
:''See also: [[Kandi/Sandbox#Predicative_expressions|Kandi/Predicative expressions]]''
Line 256: Line 347:
Intransitive clauses in Kandi are formed in a very similar manner to predicative expressions. In fact, there is no difference at all. Which... Can be tricky. In essence, there is no grammatical difference between ''I am biking'' and ''I am a bike''.
Intransitive clauses in Kandi are formed in a very similar manner to predicative expressions. In fact, there is no difference at all. Which... Can be tricky. In essence, there is no grammatical difference between ''I am biking'' and ''I am a bike''.
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = sīkawī
|phrase = síkawí
|IPA = [ˈsɪːkawɪː]
|IPA = [ˈsɪːkawɪː]
| morphemes = sīka-∅=wī
| morphemes = síka-∅=wí
| gloss = bike({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = bike({{sc|VI}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am a bike/I am biking
| translation = I am a bike/I am biking
| index = 12
| index = 12
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = tēndatšiwī
|phrase = tíndatšiwí
|IPA = [ˈtɛːndat͡ʃɪwɪː]
|IPA = [ˈtɪːndat͡ʃɪwɪː]
| morphemes = tēnda-∅-tši=wī
| morphemes = tínda-∅-tši=wí
| gloss = know({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|DUB}}={{sc|1SG}}
| gloss = know({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|DUB}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = I am not sure I know
| translation = I am not sure I know
| index = 13
| index = 13
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = yūr kānnami
|phrase = yúr kánnami
|IPA = [ˈjʊ͜βɾ ˈkaːdnamɪ]
|IPA = [ˈjʊ͜βɾ ˈkaːdnamɪ]
| morphemes = yūr-∅ kān-∅-yam-i
| morphemes = yúr-∅ kán-∅-yam-i
| gloss = goat({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} sight(V)-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|INF}}-{{sc|II.SPEC}}
| gloss = goat({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} sight(V)-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|INF}}-{{sc|II.SPEC}}
| translation = The goat must have seen
| translation = The goat must have seen (been able to see)
| index = 14
| index = 14
}}
}}


Do note that the specifier is afficed to the predicate-like part of the clause, in the last case '''''kānnam-i'''''. An apt translation would thus be ''That which is know(-ing), is a goat''. Remember that definiteness and tense are not distinguished in the language.
Do note that the specifier is afficed to the predicate-like part of the clause, in the last case '''''kánnam-i'''''. An apt translation would thus be ''That which is know(-ing), is a goat''. Remember that definiteness and tense are not distinguished in the language.
 
== Transitive clauses ==
Transitive clauses are formed in a few different ways. This is the most common construction,
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = yúr kingússa kánnami
|IPA = [ˈjʊ͜βɾ ˈkɪŋgʊ͜βsːa ˈkɔdnamɪ]
| morphemes = yúr-∅ kin-gússa-∅ kán-∅-yam-i
| gloss = goat({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} {{sc|V.SPEC}}-arse({{sc|V}})-{{sc|PRED}} sight(V)-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|INF}}-{{sc|II.SPEC}}
| translation = The goat must have seen the arse
| index = 15
}}
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = Kšammí štaptih!
|IPA = [ˈkɕabmɪː ˈɕtap͡ftɪ]
| morphemes = kšan-∅=wí štap-∅-tih
| gloss = writing({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}} book({{sc|VII}})-{{sc|PRED}}-{{sc|VII.SPEC}}
| translation = I'm writing a book!
| index = 16
}}
which uses a specifier marking on the verb and on the object of the verb. Less idiomatic translations would be ''That which sees that which is the arse, it is a goat'' and ''I write that which is a book!'', respectively.
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = Išawíy!
|IPA = [ˈɪʃawɪːʝ]
| morphemes = iša-∅=wí=y
| gloss = hate({{sc|IX}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}={{sc|2SG}}
| translation = I hate you!
| index = 17
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = winnaš wahšúwí!
|IPA = [wahˈwɪdnaʃ wahˈʃʊ͜βɪː]
| morphemes = winnaš-∅ wah-šú-∅=wí
| gloss =  moose({{sc|II}})-{{sc|PRED}} {{sc|SURP}}-eat({{sc|III}})-{{sc|PRED}}={{sc|1SG}}
| translation = Gah, the moose is eating me!
| index = 18
}}
 
== Possession ==
There are two main methods of expression possession in the language, utilising either the locative {{sc|LOC}} or the possessive {{sc|POSS}} affixes. The possessive suffix is by far the most common one, but the locative is more prevalent in certain dialects and in more formal registers. The usage is similar to Irish or Finnish, where for example the phrase ''The book at him'' most often translates as ''His book''. It is important to note that the locative possession is restricted to animacy; only possessions of people can take the locative, making the phrase ''The house at the dog'' purely positional. It also calls into question your suitability as a pet owner.
 
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = síkawíniš
|IPA = [ˈsɪːkwɪːnɪʃ]
| morphemes = síka=wí-n-iš
| gloss =  bike({{sc|VI}})=me({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}-{{sc|SPEC}}
| translation = my bike
| index = 18
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kiy wanikánikka?
|IPA = [ˈkɪj ˈwanɪkaːnɪkːa]
| morphemes = kiy wani=ká-n-ikka
| gloss = what name({{sc|VIII}})=you({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}-{{sc|SPEC}}
| translation = what is your name?
| index = 18
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wušunnay ixán
|IPA = [ˈwʊʃʊdnaj ˈɪxaːn]
| morphemes = wušunna-y ixá-n
| gloss = despair({{sc|IX}})-({{sc|IX.SPEC}}) child({{sc|I}})-{{sc|POSS}}
| translation = the despair of a child
| index = 19
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kamúnne wíyun
|IPA = [ˈkamʊːdnɛ ˈwɪːjʊn]
| morphemes = kamún-ye wí-yun
| gloss = house({{sc|IX}})-({{sc|IX.SPEC}}) me({{sc|I}})-{{sc|LOC}}
| translation = my house/the house at me
| index = 20
}}


==What's actually inside==
==What's actually inside==
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