Lakovic languages
- Not to be confused with the Lahob languages.
Swadesh lists for the Lakovic languages
| Lakovic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Originally Talma, Bjeheond and Txapoalli; today worldwide |
| Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Lakovic |
| Subdivisions |
|
The Lakovic languages (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ lə-KOH-vik; Häskä: hän tülut Ləkof; Windermere: fi imbrits Lăcoaf) are a major Trician language family, originally native to Talma. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages.
Todo
Other (short) suffixes?
Grimm's law for Windermere?
Lakovic should be huge
Urheimat: Talma
Phylogeny
Proto-Lakovic phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Denti-alveolar | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular] | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | ||||||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | |||||||
| Plosive | voiced | b [b] | d [d] | g [ɡ] | |||||
| voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | k [k] | q [q] | |||||
| Affricate | voiced | ʒ [d͡z] | ʒ₁ [d͡ʐ] | ǯ [d͡ʒ] | |||||
| voiceless | c [t͡s] | c₁ [t͡ʂ] | č [t͡ʃ] | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s [s] | s₁ [ʂ] | š [ʃ] | lʿ [ɬ] | x [x] | h [h] | ||
| voiced | z [z] | z₁ [ʐ] | ž [ʒ] | ɣ [ɣ] | |||||
| Trill | r [r] | ||||||||
| Approximant | w [w] | l [l] | y [j] | ||||||
Vowels
- i ɨ u e o a
- i ɨ u e ə o a
Proto-Ashanic phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | |||||
| Stop | plain | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | s /s̻/ | š /s̺/ | ś /ɬ/ | h /h/ | ||||
| Affricate | c /ts̻/ | (č /ts̺/) | ć /tɬ/ | |||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | r /r/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | ||||
Vowels
Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:
i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/
ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice
Phonotactics
Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere.
Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.
Stress
Stress was likely on the final syllable.
Proto-Lakovic morphology
Root structure
Roots consisted of 1 or 2 syllables, and were stressed on the final syllable.
Nouns
- direct case marker: id-
- indirect case marker: how-
Pronouns
- rì = I
- śàn (m), śà(n)s (f) = you
Verbs and adjectives
Verbs and adjectives agreed with nouns in gender. For example:
- šmer toʔ = a good man (m);
- ʔama toʔs = a good mother (f)
Gender agreement was lost in most descendants, except in Tergetian and the West Bjeheondian languages.
TODO: triggers, aspects
Derivational morphology
- Breathy voice ablaut: nominalization (f)
- bì-~bù- = agentive (m)
- hà- = resultative (passive in Windermere)
- tuha- = intensive
Proto-Lakovic syntax
Proto-Lakovic had flexible word order, but the most common word order was VSO.
Vocabulary
- PAsh ksìʔ > Wdm. scie 'star'
- PAsh śkey > Wdm. scey 'forest'
- PAsh àplon > Wdm. blon 'water'
Numbers
check Æ tone reflexes
- first, breathy voice gives 3/1 vs 2/4 split
- then final consonants and voicing gives various outcomes
| Proto-Ashanic | Ashanic | Western Bjeheondian | Tumhanian | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windermere | Häskä | Tergetian | Schong | Æ | ||
| *àdòn "one" | doan | odän | dôon | tů | ||
| *ùrat "two" | rath | rat | rât | ras | ||
| *tsiw "three" | stiw | ətsəw | txiw | tjůb | ||
| *mšàk "four" | smech | əmšäk | khâak | njaai | njærb | |
| *mǜc "five" | müets | müc | mwwts | vur | ||
| *dak "six" | tach | dak | dak | tars | ||
| *àbòt "seven" | boath | obät | bôot | pob | ||
| *słeb "eight" | łep | ešəb | seb | læ̊g | ||
| *ʔlòy "nine" | loay | oläy | looj | løb | ||
| *tap "ten" | thaf | taf | tap | tås | ||
| *suyàw "eleven" | săyew | suyäw | xâaw | søb | ||
| *srük "twelve" | srüch | üsruk | srwk | rurs | ||