Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language in Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
  • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u ü⟩

iə eə uə oə yə ⟨ie ea ua oa üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo ua

y

/oj/ is pronounced [ø], which is borrowed into Eevo as øø.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

• și-: direct case marker
• wa-: indirect case marker
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative

Pronouns

TODO: case forms for pronouns

• 1sg: rie
• 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
• 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
• 1pl: tsa (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
• 2pl: ngea
• 3pl: uab (animate), tuab (inanimate)

Verbs

Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.) The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with șa- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

• habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with el- for others
• momentane = heng-
• frequentative = chum-
• gnomic = oy-
• inchoative = ła-
• progressive = hat-

Trigger

• Core triggers
  • ‹ăn› = Patient trigger [telic]
  • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
  • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
  • ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
• Applicative triggers
  • ‹eth› = Locative trigger
  • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
  • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
  • ‹ăm› = Source trigger [also causative]
  • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
  • ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]

Derivational morphology

• Head-initial concatenation
• hăl- = nominalizer
• verbalizer
• "adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong