Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Language family	Naeng/Literature

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

• Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

• Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
• Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
• Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
• Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

• · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	tenuis	b /p~b/	d /t~d/			g /k~g/		' /ʔ/
	aspirated	p /pʰ~bʰ/	t /tʰ~dʰ/			c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate			ts /ts̻/	tł /tɬ/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x~ɣ/
	nonspirant		s /s̻/	ł /ɬ/	ș /s̺~ʃ/			h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/		y /j/		l /ʟ/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Vowels

a e i o u y ⟨a e i o u ü⟩

iə eə uə oə yə ⟨ie ea ua oa üe⟩

ə ⟨ă⟩ (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo ua

y

/oj/ is pronounced [ø], which is borrowed into Eevo as øø.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

• și-: direct case marker
• wa-: indirect case marker
• mi-: locative
• ya-: comitative
• șa-: allative

Pronouns

TODO: case forms for pronouns

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we (exc.)	we (inc.)	you (pl.)	they (an.)	they (inan.)
Indirect	rie	łen	łes	in	is	tan	tsa	bang	ngea	ănam	tănam
Direct	grie	găłen	găłes	cin	cis	dan	gătsa	găbang	gangea	cănam	dănam

After a preposition, indirect forms are used.

Verbs

Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.)

The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with șa- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

• habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with el- for others
• momentane = heng-
• frequentative = chum-
• gnomic = oy-
• inchoative = ła-
• progressive = hat-

Trigger

• Core triggers
  • ‹ăch› = Patient trigger [telic]
  • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
  • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
  • ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
• Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal
  • ‹ăn› = Applicative trigger
  • ‹eth› = Locative trigger
  • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
  • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
  • ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
  • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
  • ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]

Derivational morphology

• Head-initial concatenation
• hăl- = nominalizer
• verbalizer
• "adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

Syntax

Constituent order

The basic word order of Windermere is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.

Verb phrase

There is a preverbal negative particle die.

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

• often combined with the complementizer: mong