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===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*Head-initial concatenation
*Head-initial concatenation
*''hăl-'' = nominalizer
*''hăl-'' = nominalizer for verbs
*''și-'' = negation
*''și-'' = negation
*''ing-'' = verbalizer
*''ing-'' = verbalizer

Revision as of 14:22, 24 December 2017

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
brits ___
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
  • Naeng/Literature
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

  • Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
  • Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
  • Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
  • Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

  • · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive tenuis b /p~b/ d /t~d/ g /k~g/ ' /ʔ/
aspirated p /pʰ~bʰ/ t /tʰ~dʰ/ c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate ts /ts̻/ /tɬ/
Fricative spirant f /f~v/ th /θ~ð/ ch /x~ɣ/
nonspirant s /s̻/ ł /ɬ/ ș /s̺~ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ y /j/ l /ʟ/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Mutations

Vowels

a e i o u y a e i o u ü

iə eə uə oə yə ie ea ua oa üe

ə ă (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo ua

y

/oj/ is pronounced [ø], which is borrowed into Eevo as øø.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

  • łi: direct case marker
  • wa: indirect case marker
  • mi-: locative
  • ya-: comitative
  • șa-: allative

Pronouns

I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we (exc.) we (inc.) you (pl.) they (an.) they (inan.)
Indirect rie łen łes in is tan tsa bang ngea ănam tănam
Direct grie găłen găłes cin cis dan gătsa găbang gangea cănam dănam

After a preposition, indirect forms are used.

Verbs

Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.)

The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with șa- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and some reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

  • habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
  • perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with el- for others
  • momentane = bla-
  • progressive = Fă-
  • gnomic = FăL-
  • frequentative = FeLFă-
  • inchoative/inceptive = aLFă-

Trigger

  • Core triggers
    • ‹ăch› = Patient trigger [telic]
    • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
    • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
    • ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
  • Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal
    • ‹ăn› = Applicative trigger
    • ‹eth› = Locative trigger
    • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
    • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
    • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
    • ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
    • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
    • ‹ăroa› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]

Adjectives

Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost idenitcally to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.

Derivational morphology

  • Head-initial concatenation
  • hăl- = nominalizer for verbs
  • și- = negation
  • ing- = verbalizer
  • yă- = adjectivizer

TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

Commonly concatenated morphemes

  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. "beauty of")

Syntax

Constituent order

The basic word order of Windermere is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

There is a preverbal negative particle die.

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

  • often combined with the complementizer: mong

Verbal noun clauses

Example texts

Other resources