Naeng/Literature: Difference between revisions

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!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)!!they (inan.)
!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!it!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)!!they (inan.)
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!|Indirect
!|Indirect/Genitive
|''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tan''||''tsa''||''bang''||''ngea''||''ănam''||''tănam''
|''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tan''||''tsa''||''bang''||''ngea''||''ănam''||''tănam''
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!|Direct
!|Direct
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!|Genitive
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Revision as of 00:48, 10 December 2017

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
  • Naeng/Literature
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language in Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

  • Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
    • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
  • Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
  • Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
  • Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

  • · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive tenuis b /p~b/ d /t~d/ g /k~g/ ' /ʔ/
aspirated p /pʰ~bʰ/ t /tʰ~dʰ/ c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate ts /ts̻/ /tɬ/
Fricative spirant f /f~v/ th /θ~ð/ ch /x~ɣ/
nonspirant s /s̻/ ł /ɬ/ ș /s̺~ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ y /j/ l /ʟ/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Mutations

Vowels

a e i o u y a e i o u ü

iə eə uə oə yə ie ea ua oa üe

ə ă (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo ua

y

/oj/ is pronounced [ø], which is borrowed into Eevo as øø.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

  • și-: direct case marker
  • wa-: indirect case marker
  • mi-: locative
  • ya-: comitative
  • șa-: allative

Pronouns

TODO: case forms for pronouns
I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we (exc.) we (inc.) you (pl.) they (an.) they (inan.)
Indirect/Genitive rie łen łes in is tan tsa bang ngea ănam tănam
Direct

Verbs

Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense. (Daughter languages use periphrastic constructions for tense, and use aspect and trigger affixes derivationally.) The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

Mood

There is only the imperative mood which is marked with șa- in place of the personal prefix.

Aspect

  • habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
  • perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with el- for others
  • momentane = heng-
  • frequentative = chum-
  • gnomic = oy-
  • inchoative = ła-
  • progressive = hat-

Trigger

  • Core triggers
    • ‹ăn› = Patient trigger [telic]
    • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
    • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
    • ‹ăl› = Reflexive trigger
  • Applicative triggers
    • ‹eth› = Locative trigger
    • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
    • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
    • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
    • ‹ăm› = Source trigger [also causative]
    • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive trigger [also purposive]
    • ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger [also "lest"]

Derivational morphology

  • Head-initial concatenation
  • hăl- = nominalizer
  • verbalizer
  • "adjectivizer" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Tagalog. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Complement clauses

nga is the complementizer

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

  • often combined with the complementizer: mong

Verbal noun clauses

Example texts

Other resources