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''' | '''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English. | ||
Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]). | |||
Figure out how to assign tones | Figure out how to assign tones | ||
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Final schwa > tone split | Final schwa > tone split | ||
dr tr sr > | dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung | ||
''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup | ''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup | ||
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''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful | ''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful | ||
'' | ''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far | ||
''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester | ''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester | ||
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''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold' | ''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold' | ||
''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)' | |||
''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain | ''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg | Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels | ||
====Tones==== | ====Tones==== | ||
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====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard | Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian. | ||
Short vowels: | Short vowels: | ||
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Long vowels: | Long vowels: | ||
*ai | *ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/ | ||
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/ | **[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/ | ||
* | *au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/ | ||
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of / | **[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/ | ||
* | *ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/ | ||
R-linking vowels: | R-linking vowels: | ||
*uor, | *uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/ | ||
*(i)ar, (i) | *(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/ | ||
*r, | *r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*ir, | *ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*ür, | *ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/ | ||
* | *ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/ | ||
*air | *air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/ | ||
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/ | *angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/ | ||
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream' | **e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream' | ||
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=====Linking R===== | =====Linking R===== | ||
*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr | *Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt]) | ||
*No linking R: ''yi | *No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt]) | ||
====Mutations==== | ====Mutations==== | ||
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The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender. | The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender. | ||
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example: | As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example: | ||
*''*yi<sup>L</sup> | *''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses' | ||
*''*yi | *''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books' | ||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''Definite article''' | |+ '''Definite article''' | ||
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! common || neuter || common || neuter | ! common || neuter || common || neuter | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi | | ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change. | Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change. | ||
====Pluralization patterns==== | |||
#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern. | |||
#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/ | |||
#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ). | |||
#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers' | |||
#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r | |||
#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books' | |||
#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel. | |||
#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys' | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns. | |||
*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true') | |||
*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper') | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
The ''- | There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian. | ||
The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/. | |||
====Tonal ablaut patterns==== | |||
#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants) | |||
#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels) | |||
#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug' | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] | |||