Pamarėska: Difference between revisions

 

|name= ''Pomorian language''

|nativename=''Pamarėska gålba''

|pronunciation=/pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ/

|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]

|setting=''Parallel World''

<!--|speakers=

|date=-->

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]

|ancestor4=Vėtuhapamarėska

|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]

|-

Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the [[w:Slavic first palataization|First Palatalization of velars in Slavic]] and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound).

Pomorian has three different [[Pamarėska/Orthography|orthografies]], all of which use Latin alphabet: the standard, [traditional and eastern. The traditional orthography is based mostly on German and Polish ones, it used digraphs like sch, ai and ei, instead of modern š, and ė. The Eastern (or dictionary) orthography was used after a spelling reform in 1952 and is still used in dictionaries and as a standard for Eastern dialects, because it's more phonemic, than a traditional one. The Pomorian standard orthography came into use after 1989 reform and combines both previous orthographies, though is mostly phonemic.

Pomorian is a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accented]] language. The stess is moveable meaning that any syllable of the word can be stressed, though usually the place of streess is predictable. A stressed syllable can be pronounced in two (in some dialects - in three) different ways. One way is a falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' -, which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave). The second way is a rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). ''Tvírdagalså'' translates literally as firm stress, and ''lìkugalså'' - light stress. Despite the stress is phonemic it is not written, except dictionaries. For example the word ''"úokte"'' means tall but ''"uõkte"'' means full of force, lusty.

Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVCC, which can seldom be found among Pomorian words. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. There is also a principle according to which a consonant with higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than one with lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - '''/t/''' is higher on the sonority than '''/s/''' and appears closer to '''/oː/''' which is the nucleus.

There are seven (or six if count the sixth and the seventh as one) noun declensions in Pomorian. Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''. In Pomorian Proper most nouns have only two numbers: '''singular''' and '''plural''', while in Western and Southern dialects there is also a '''dual''' number. Some noun cases can have two endings: long (with an unsterssed "e" or "i" at the end) or short (without end vowels). Also the Accusative plural of some words like ''mariå'' has two endings: ''"-e"'' and ''"-i"''. Those endings are interchangeable and can specifically be used in poetry or in dialectal speech.

|tel'''ę́ty''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tų'''

|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tihu'''

|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́to'''

|mū́t'''ery'''  ||mū́t'''eruo''' ||mū́t'''erų'''

|dukt'''ery͂''' ||dukt'''eruõ''' ||dukt'''erų́'''

|mū́t'''erie'''  ||mū́t'''eriema''' ||mū́t'''erim'''(e)

|dùkt'''erie''' ||dukt'''erie͂ma''' ||dukt'''erìm'''(e)

|mū́t'''ere''' ||mū́t'''eriema''' ||mū́t'''erimy'''

|dùkt'''ere''' ||dukt'''erie͂ma''' ||dukt'''erimy͂'''

|mū́t'''erė''' ||mū́t'''eruo''' ||mū́t'''erihu'''

|dukt'''erė́''' ||dukt'''eruõ''' ||dukt'''erihù'''

|mū́t'''erie''' ||mū́t'''erie''' ||mū́t'''ery'''

|dukt'''erie͂''' ||dukt'''erie͂''' ||dùkt'''ery'''

|lė́p'''esi''' ||lė́p'''ieji'''

*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' and '''ąti''' are a subclass of this conjugation.

|ved'''ė́te''' ||žin'''ójete''' ||cet'''ìnete''' ||zoď'''ète''' ||'''estè'''

|ved'''uõ''' ||žin'''óju''' ||cet'''ìnu''' ||zoď'''úo''' ||'''buvù'''

|ved'''ė́tè''' ||žin'''ójote''' ||cet'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' ||'''bùvote'''

|buvù zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

|buveĩ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

|bū͂ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

In Pomorian supine is used mostly with motion verbs and indicates purpose or in the phrase meaning "to be going to". It is formed from an infinitive form of a verb by replacing the '''-ti''' ending with the '''-tų'''. For example: ''Jenå sklepå hlėbo kuoptų'' - "I go to the store to buy some bread.

In Pomorian adverbs have the basic stem of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they have three degree of comparison just like adjectives). Adverbs can have only an indefinite (non-pronominal) form. A lot of Pomorian adverbs are formed by replacing an adjectival ending with ''-ė'' or ''-au''. For examle: ''lėpe'' (good) - ''lėpau'' (well). Some adverbs are derived from nouns, but probably from adjectives which were derived from nouns: ''kalna'' (high place, mountain; noun) - pakalne (being from the height; adjective) - pakalnė (downwards, downhill; adverb). Some are derived from other adverbs: ''ligė'' (being fine, allowed; adverb) - neligė (not well; adverb) - perneligė (too much; adverb). Some are very old and not comparable, they are not derived from anything: ''ba'' and ''bu'' (even), ''šiet'' (here), ''tuo'' (there), ''kė'' (how, so), ''juo'' (already), ''doli'' (far), dovė (long ago) and ''tali'' (only). The word ''doli'' also has a comparable doublet ''dolė''.

Prepositions are used to clarify an object's position or direction. Each noun case can take different prepositions but only some prepositions can be used with different cases. Dialectal variations are listed in the table after slashes, non-standard but also being frequently used.

| is || from

| az(u) || after (motion)

| pad || under

| į || in (often dropped)

| pad || under

===Sentence phrase===

===Dependent clauses===

# Northern and North-Western

# Ežerina (Lake dialect)

# Prūsisk (Eastern)

The most widely spoken dialect is '''Central-Western''' one having 1000 native speakers. '''Western''' and '''Eastern''' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, '''Central-Eastern''' has about 700 speakers and '''Southern''' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (the '''Ežerina''' dialect having only 12 native speakers left). In 1984 died Anna Ribbeck - the last known speaker of the Hel dialect ('''Heliska guora'''). It was a dialect once spoken in three villages on the [[w:Hel Peninsula|Hel peninsula]] and since the XXth century only in a small town of [[w:Jastarnia|Jastarnia]]. This dialect had some distinct features absent from the rest dialects, such as the back vowel fronting, a lack of palatalization and a stress fixed on a first syllable. Also its' syntax was highly influenced by German.

There are some differences in phonology and morphology among dialects while the syntax stays pretty much the same. For example, the sentence: '''"I gave a few pennies to Brone''' (short from Bronislove)" would be ''"(Àz) dóďė cẽlkų gróšå Bróniau" /(ɑz.)ˈdoː.ɟeː.ˈt͡sɛːl.kũ.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Pomorian Proper, but ''(Jès) dõďė kelkǻ gróšå Bróniau" /(ˌjɛz.) ˈdoː.ɟeː.kɛl.ˈkɔː.ˈgroː.ʃɒ.ˈbroː.ɲɑʊ̯/'' in Western dialect and ''"(Às) dā́džie cálko pènįgo Broniū́ /(ˌɑz.)ˈdaːd͡ʑɪe.ˈt͡saːl.kɔ.ˌpɛ.nĩ.gɔ.brɔ.ˈɲuː/'' in Eastern dialect. The word ''penįgė'' is present in Pomorian Proper where it means "money". There is also seen a long vowel /aː/, which is a separate phoneme in Eastern dialect and did not became /oː/ like in the Proper. The word ''kelkå'' in Western dialect shows /k/ instead of expected /t͡s/, which is a common development in it. A borrowing from Polish could be also possible, but it doesn't explain the accent of the word. Major difference between Western and Central/Eatern dialectal groups is a retaining of final /ɛ/ or /ə/ sound from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-as ending (Brone, Bronislove) in former, but a complete loss in latter (Broń or Broniu, Bronislov).