Pamarėska: Difference between revisions

 

|name= ''Pomorian language''

|nativename=''Pamarėska gålba''

|pronunciation=/pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ/

|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]

<!--|speakers=

|date=-->

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]

|ancestor4=Vėtuhapamarėska

|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]

|-

Pomorian languge undergone through a process similar to the [[w:Slavic first palataization|First Palatalization of velars in Slavic]] and palatalizaton of velars in Latvian, which resulted in turning /kʲ/ and /gʲ/ sounds into affricates (probably /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/). Then those affricates were depalatalized to /t͡s/ and /d͡z/ in most dialects. Also there is a sound change, which turned /ɕ/ (from earlier /x/) into /ʆ/, which merged with plain /ʃ/ in all dialects, except Western ones (previously lacking a /ʃ/ sound).

Pomorian is a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accented]] language. The stess is moveable meaning that any syllable of the word can be stressed, though usually the place of streess is predictable. A stressed syllable can be pronounced in two (in some dialects - in three) different ways. One way is a falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' -, which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave). The second way is a rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). ''Tvírdagalså'' translates literally as firm stress, and ''lìkugalså'' - light stress. Despite the stress is phonemic it is not written, except dictionaries. For example the word ''"úokte"'' means tall but ''"uõkte"'' means full of force, lusty.

Every syllable in Pomorian can have an onset, a nucleus (always present) and a coda, with a nucleus being a vowel. If to mark vowels with V, consonants - with C and approximants - with R, than the biggest possible syllable would look like CCRVC, which can rarely be be found among Pomorian words because of its complexity. Typical syllables are C(R)V and C(R)VC. V (a vowel) can occure only word-initially, because VV clusters are not allowed in Pomorian. In Early Proto-Slavic the rising sonority law changed the look of some words via metathesis and changes in vowels, particulary long diphthongs. In Pomorian this law didn't apply fully as in Common Slavic (the open syllable law, which happened later, was not even a thing in Old Pomorian). According the principle of rising sonority a consonant with higher sonority should be closer to a nucleus than one with lower sonority, for example in the word ''/ˈstoː.rɛ/'' - heavy - '''/t/''' is higher on the sonority than '''/s/''' and appears closer to '''/oː/''' which is the nucleus. That's why in Pomorian closed syllables are possible and common, like in Early Proto-Slavic, but only open syllables were possible in Late Common Slavic, with an exception of sonorants "r" and "l", which could appear after a vowel in some cases). This made most Slavic words hardly recognisable. For example the word ''*supnas'' (or ''*supnəs'') - sleep, dream - gave Pomorian ''sùpne'' (/ˈsup.nɛ/) but Polish ''sen'' from Common Slavic *sъnъ (pronounced /ˈsʊ̯.nə/).

|lė́p'''esi''' ||lė́p'''ieji'''

*'''The second''' conjugation encompasses verbs with infintive form endings '''-ėti (with -ėj- in the present tense)''', '''-oti''','''uoti'''. Verbs with infinitives ending in '''-įti''' and '''ąti''' are a subclass of this conjugation.

|ved'''uõ''' ||žin'''óju''' ||cet'''ìnu''' ||zoď'''úo''' ||'''buvù'''

|ved'''ė́tè''' ||žin'''ójote''' ||cet'''ìnėte''' ||zoď'''ė́te''' ||'''bùvote'''

|buvù zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

|buveĩ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

|bū͂ zoďą͂ťu/ zoďą͂ťi/ zoďą͂ťå

In Pomorian supine is used mostly with motion verbs and indicates purpose or in the phrase meaning "to be going to". It is formed from an infinitive form of a verb by replacing the '''-ti''' ending with the '''-tų'''. For example: ''Jenå sklepå hlėbo kuoptų'' - "I go to the store to buy some bread.

In Pomorian adverbs have the basic stem of their corresponding adjectives and are not inflected (though they have three degree of comparison just like adjectives). Adverbs can have only an indefinite (non-pronominal) form. A lot of Pomorian adverbs are formed by replacing an adjectival ending with ''-ė'' or ''-au''. For examle: ''lėpe'' (good) - ''lėpau'' (well). Some adverbs are derived from nouns, but probably from adjectives which were derived from nouns: ''kalna'' (high place, mountain; noun) - pakalne (being from the height; adjective) - pakalnė (downwards, downhill; adverb). Some are derived from other adverbs: ''ligė'' (being fine, allowed; adverb) - neligė (not well; adverb) - perneligė (too much; adverb). Some are very old and not comparable, they are not derived from anything: ''be'' and ''bu'' (even), ''šiet'' (here), ''tuo'' (there), ''kė'' (how, so), ''juo'' (already), ''doli'' (far), dovė (long ago) and ''tali'' (only). The word ''doli'' also has a comparable doublet ''dolė''.

Prepositions are used to clarify an object's position or direction. Each noun case can take different prepositions but only some prepositions can be used with different cases. Dialectal variations are listed in the table after slashes, non-standard but also being frequently used.

| nå || from

| az(u) || after (motion)

| pad || under

| į || in (often dropped)

| pad || under

===Sentence phrase===

===Dependent clauses===

# Ežerina (Lake dialect)

The most widely spoken dialect is '''Central-Western''' one having 1000 native speakers. '''Western''' and '''Eastern''' dialects have approximately 500 native speakers each, '''Central-Eastern''' has about 700 speakers and '''Southern''' has less than 500 speakers. The rest of the dialects are spoken by less than 800 speakers and are severely endangered (the '''Ežerina''' dialect having only 12 native speakers left). In 1984 died Anna Ribbeck - the last known speaker of the Hel dialect ('''Heliska guora'''). It was a dialect once spoken in three villages on the [[w:Hel Peninsula|Hel peninsula]] and since the XXth century only in a small town of [[w:Jastarnia|Jastarnia]]. This dialect had some distinct features absent from the rest dialects, such as the back vowel fronting, a lack of palatalization and a stress fixed on a first syllable. Also its' syntax was highly influenced by German.