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Ris: Difference between revisions

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Ris (view source)

Revision as of 18:24, 23 June 2013

56 bytes added ,  23 June 2013
→‎Core cases
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<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈaːŋkʊːrɔ/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/


!
!
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As the patientive is the citation form of nouns, there is little consistency in the patientive endings. They differ due to class, gender and etymology. There are rules that dictate the endings though; a word may for example never end in an oral plosive, which includes the patientive.


Using just the patientive with mediopassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. The verb is normally implied as reflexive when used with the mediopassive, and the subject is the patient. In colloquial speech however, the distinction between passive and reflexive is most often blurred.
=====Agentative=====
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
 
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives with the agentative argument.  


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''rhaíst{{blue|o}}'''
| colspan="4"|'''({{red|éu}}) káter{{red|o}} ktárma'''
 
!
 
| colspan="4"| '''{{red|io}} rhaísto'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yu}} dune'''
| colspan="3"| '''{{red|tṓu}} téthour{{red|i}}'''


!
!


| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|u}} dune'''
| colspan="2"|'''ānkour{{red|ṓn}}'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"| /ˈθunanː/
| colspan="4"| /ˈɛu̩ ˈkatɛrɔ ˈktarma/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa  ˈθuna/
| colspan="3"|/ˈtʊː ˈtɛtʰʊrɪ/


!
!


| colspan="4"|/ŋjaju ˈdune/
| colspan="2"|/aːŋkʊˈroːn/
 
!
 
| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjau̩ ˈdune/  
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>thuna</small>
|<small>{{red|éu}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-nn}}</small>
|<small>káter</small>
|<small>{{red|-o}}</small>
|<small>ktárma</small>


!
!


|<small>g</small>
|<small>{{red|tṓu}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>téthour</small>
|<small>thuna</small>
|<small>{{red|i}}</small>


!
!


|<small>ta</small>
|<small>ā́nkour-</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{red|ōn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-yu}}</small>
|<small>dune</small>
 
!


|<small>ta</small>
|<small>mya</small>
|<small>{{red|-u}}</small>
|<small>dune</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
|write.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}
|letter.{{sc|ma.inan.pat.sg}}
 


!
!


|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
|you.{{sc|2.{{red|agt}}.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|run.{{sc|act.ind.itr}}
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}


!
!


|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|trip.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.3.sg}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}


!
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of
| colspan="4"| ''I am writing a letter.''


!
!


| colspan="3"|''I am being spoken of''
| colspan="3"| ''You are running around.''


!
!


| colspan="4"|''The cat is eating itself''
| colspan="2"|''I trip on purpose''
|}


=====Agentive versus patientive=====
Confer the difference between the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.


!
Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.


| colspan="4"|''The cat is being eaten''
The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal.
|}


=====Agentative=====
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]


The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument.
=====Polar marking=====


Confer the difference between the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
Both the agentive and the patientive can be the subject or agent of a verb. The choice between the two depend on the degree of control with the subject. High-control subjects get the agentive, low-control subjects get the patientive.


Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.
The Ris verbs conjugate according to both the patientive, as well as the agentive.
 
The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal.


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"| '''hima{{blue|mn}}'''
| colspan="2"| '''ā́nkouro'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} hima'''
| colspan="2"|'''ānkourṓn'''


!
!


| colspan="2"|'''ham{{blue|amn}}!'''
| colspan="2"|'''rháo'''


!
!


| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ham!'''
| colspan="2"|'''rhaṓn'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈhiŋ͡møŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|  /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋ͡mø/
| colspan="2"|/aŋkʊˈroːn/


!
!


| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋ͡møŋ͡m/
| colspan="2"|/ˈr̥ʰaɔ̩/


!
!


| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa haŋ/  
| colspan="2"|/r̥ʰaˈoːn/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>hima</small>
|<small>ā́nkour</small>
|<small>{{blue|-mn}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>


!
!


|<small>amn</small>
|<small>ānkour</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{red|-ṓn}}</small>
|<small>hima</small>


!
!


|<small>ham</small>
|<small>rhá</small>
|<small>-{{blue|amn}}</small>
|<small>-{{red|o}}</small>


!
!


|<small>amn</small>
|<small>rha</small>
|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-ṓn}}</small>
|<small>ham</small>
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
<!-- Gloss-->
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