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→Agentive versus patientive
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Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking. | Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking. | ||
The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word | The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word ''ánthēro'', "to meet", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive or agentive pronoun. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | |||
|+ | |||
<!-- Sentence --> | |||
| colspan="4"|'''{{red|éu}} ánthēroi''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ei}} ánthēroi''' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|'''ánthēr{{red|o}}{{blue|i}}''' | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | |||
| colspan="4"| /ˈɛu̩ ˈkatɛrɔ ˈktarma/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"|/ˈtʊː ˈtɛtʰʊrɪ/ | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|/aːŋkʊˈroːn/ | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Morphemes--> | |||
|<small>{{red|éu}}</small> | |||
|<small>káter</small> | |||
|<small>{{red|-o}}</small> | |||
|<small>ktárma</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>{{red|tṓu}}</small> | |||
|<small>téthour</small> | |||
|<small>{{red|i}}</small> | |||
! | |||
|<small>ā́nkour-</small> | |||
|<small>{{red|ōn}}</small> | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Gloss--> | |||
|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}} | |||
|write.{{sc|act.ind.perf}} | |||
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}} | |||
|letter.{{sc|ma.inan.pat.sg}} | |||
! | |||
|you.{{sc|2.{{red|agt}}.sg}} | |||
|run.{{sc|act.ind.itr}} | |||
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}} | |||
! | |||
|trip.{{sc|act.ind.perf}} | |||
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}} | |||
|- | |||
<!-- Translations --> | |||
| colspan="4"| ''I met up with him.'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="3"| ''I bumped into him.'' | |||
! | |||
| colspan="2"|''I met him.'' | |||
|} | |||
=====Polar marking===== | =====Polar marking===== | ||