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Ris: Difference between revisions
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In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. These mark only natural gender. | In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. These mark only natural gender. | ||
==Morphosyntactic alignment and | ==Morphosyntax== | ||
===Morphosyntactic alignment and core cases=== | |||
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | [[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] | ||
Ris possess an originally [[w:active-stative alignment|active-stative alignment]], which means that the two arguments of transitive verbs, the subject and object, are marked with the agentive case and patientive case respectively. The agent of an intransitive verb, however, can be marked with either. The agentive and patientive cases denote a different degree of control and [[w:volition (linguistics)|volition]] with the arguments. Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used. | Ris possess an originally [[w:active-stative alignment|active-stative alignment]], which means that the two arguments of transitive verbs, the subject and object, are marked with the agentive case and patientive case respectively. The agent of an intransitive verb, however, can be marked with either. The agentive and patientive cases denote a different degree of control and [[w:volition (linguistics)|volition]] with the arguments. Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
===Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases=== | ====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases==== | ||
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]] | [[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]] | ||
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects. | Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects. | ||
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|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | |translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Case=== | |||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | |||
====Instrumental==== | ====Instrumental==== | ||
=====Instrumental proper===== | =====Instrumental proper===== | ||