Ris: Difference between revisions
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+'''Ris consonants''' | |+'''Ris consonants'''|-! colspan="9"|Consonants | ||
|- | |||
! colspan="9"|Consonants | |||
|- | |-! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | |||
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ||
! rowspan="2"| Velar | ! rowspan="2"| Velar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ||
|- | |||
! <small>plain</small> | |||
! <small> | |-! <small>plain</small> | ||
|- align="center" | |||
!Nasals | |||
! <small>advanced</small> | |||
|- align="center"!Nasals | |||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''n '''/n/ | |'''n '''/n/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|[ŋ] | |[ŋ] | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3"|Plosives | |||
|-! rowspan="3"|Plosives | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
|'''ph''' /pʰ/ | |'''ph''' /pʰ/ | ||
|'''th''' /tʰ/ | |'''th''' /tʰ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kh''' /kʰ/ | |'''kh''' /kʰ/ | ||
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ] | | colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ] | ||
|- | |||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
|-!<small>unvoiced</small> | |||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
|- | |||
!<small> | |||
|'''b''' / | |-!<small>ejective</small> | ||
|'''d''' / | |||
|'''b''' /pʼ/ | |||
|'''d''' /tʼ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''g''' / | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | |'''g''' /kʼ/ | ||
|-! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | |||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''s''' / | |||
|'''s''' /s ~ ʂ/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | | colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | ||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
|-!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ | |||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡ʐ ~ z ~ ʐ/ | |||
|[ʝ] | |[ʝ] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Trills | |||
|-! rowspan="2"|Trills | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants | |||
|'''ou, u''' /w/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''i''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|-! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | |||
| | | | ||
|'''l''' /ʎ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | ||} | ||
| | |||
====Consonant allophony==== | ====Consonant allophony==== | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}} | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}}ντρο''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}entro''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|h}} | | /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|x}} | | /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
|/ˈ{{blue|ç}} | |/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɛntrɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| colspan="5"| ''normal, okay'' | | colspan="5"| ''I am normal, okay'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|ὐ}}ο''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}}yo''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}}éstimi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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=====Palatalisation===== | =====Palatalisation===== | ||
[[w:Palatalisation|Palatalisation]] occurs due to two main factors: | [[w:Palatalisation|Palatalisation]] applies to velar consonants and occurs due to two main factors: | ||
* '''Internally''': Front vowels tend to palatalise preceding consonants if the syllable is stressed. | * '''Internally''': Front vowels and the palatal approximant, /j/, tend to palatalise preceding consonants if the syllable is stressed. | ||
**C[-pal, | **C[-pal, +velar] → C[+pal, -velar] / _V[+front, +stress] | ||
* '''Externally''': A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word. | * '''Externally''': A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Script--> | <!-- Script--> | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ρ}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ρ}}ακι''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|τ}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|τ}}η''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue| | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|ἠ}}στιμι''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|τ}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|τ}}ι {{blue|κ}}ατέρριστουας?''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="3"| ''' | | colspan="3"| '''ra{{blue|k}}i''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|t}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|t}}é''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="3"| '''{{blue|h}}éstimi?''' | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|t}} | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|t}}i {{blue|k}}atérristouas?''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
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! → | ! → | ||
|[ | |[ˈteː] | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ | |/ˈheːstɪmɪ/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
| [ | | [ˈçeːstɪmɪ] | ||
! | ! | ||
| /ˈtɪ | | /ˈtɪ kaˈtɛrrɪstwas/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
| [ | | [ˈtɪ caˈtɛrrɪstwas̟] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
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! | ! | ||
| colspan="3"|'' | | colspan="3"|''What are you writing?'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 15:37, 3 July 2013
This article is a construction site. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you. |
Ris | |
---|---|
Rhánzi ris | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈr̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/] |
Created by | – |
Native to | Italy, Cyprus; Sicily |
Native speakers | 301,486 (2012) |
Menmer languages
| |
Early form | Proto-Men
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ri |
ISO 639-2 | ri |
ISO 639-3 | qri |
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The Ris language, ῤάνζι ρις /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically active-stative and with a fluid subject. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Information
The Ris language, ῤάνζι ρις /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world. It is spoken on Sicily and on Cyprus and has about 300,000 native speakers. Or 1. Depends on how you count.
Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. It has enclitic pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient.
It also has an unsusual morphosyntactic alignment; the active-stative one, in the fluid subject subtype. This implies a system of control and volition, closely tied to a distinction in animacy.
Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after Greek. Other influences are native American languages, the Shona language and to certain degree Swedish.
Phonology
Consonants
Part of a series on |
Ris |
---|
Main |
Vocabulary |
Contionary |
IPA |
Waahlis |
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
Bilabial
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Denti-alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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Glottal
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advanced
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plain
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m /m/
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n /n/
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[ŋ]
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aspirated
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ph /pʰ/
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th /tʰ/
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kh /kʰ/
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[ʔ]
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p /p/
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t /t/
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k /k/
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b /pʼ/
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d /tʼ/
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g /kʼ/
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unvoiced
|
|
|
s /s ~ ʂ/
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h /ç ~ x ~ h/
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z /d͡z ~ d͡ʐ ~ z ~ ʐ/
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[ʝ]
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aspirated
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r /r̥ʰ/
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r /r/
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ou, u /w/
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i /j/
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l /ʎ/
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}
Consonant allophonyAllophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments. The glottal fricativeThe phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].
PalatalisationPalatalisation applies to velar consonants and occurs due to two main factors:
Phonological processesVowelsThere are 7 vowel phonemes in the Ris language. In Ris, the system of vowels are known as ptḗgna i rháki - 'the hollow triangle', due to their symmetrical places of articulation. All vowels may be long, but the phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ change their quality when long; they are then pronounced /eː/ and /oː/ respectively.
OrthographyRis is primarily written in the Latin alphabet, but the original alphabet was in fact Greek. In its classical and modern form, the alphabet has 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega; or ai mḗ otḗma in Ris. The below table shows the two alphabets and the Ris names for the letters, as well as the pronunciation in Standard Ris and the colloquial Ouis dialect.
DiacriticsThe Ris alphabets, both the Latin and Greek one, use a few different diacritics to modify the pronunciation. There are five diacritics that mark the following:
The use of aspiration here does not refer to the co-articulating process, but rather that the vowel is preceded by an /h/, a "glottal fricative". Stressed vowelsStressed vowels are marked with an acute accent, <´>, in the Latin script. In the Greek alphabet, the diacritic is the acute accent as well, only slightly different; <΄>. These mark that the syllable with the vowel is to be stressed, and thus articulated stronger, than other syllables.
Long vowelsLong vowels are vowels pronounced vowels articulated for a longer period of time. These get a grave accent in the Greek alphabet, <`>, and a macron in the Latin script, <¯>. Long vowels grave accent in the Greek script when stressed. In the Latin alphabet, however, the stressed long vowels get a second acute accent above the macron, <' ̄́'>. As previously mentioned, all vowels can be long vowels, but there are two vowels that change their quality when elongated; the /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. These are raised to /eː/ and /oː/ respectively. In the Latin script these are marked as expected, <ē> and <ō>. However, in the Greek script, they are replaced by the letters eta <η> and omega <ω> respectively. AspirationAspiration, when a vowel is preceded by /h/, is marked by a so-called dasia in the Greek script, <῾>. In the Latin manner of style though, the letter <h> precedes the vowel, as it does phonetically. In the Greek script, the dasia can be combined with the acute and grave accent, producing <῞> and <῝>. The dasia can also be placed on the Greek ro sign, <ρ>. The pronunciation of <ῤ> becomes /r̥ʰ/, an aspirated voiceless alveolo-dental trill. MorphologyVerbalConjugation
The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice. First paradigmThe first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".
PronounsDeclensionIndependentRis independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases. EncliticRis enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject and object of the verb. The object is only marked if it is not an apellative noun. The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.
The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or jussive moods, and the subjunctive when it is in the subjunctive or imperative.
NominalThe nominal morphology is split into a number of classes. Declension
GrammarMorphosyntactic alignmentRis is a fluid-S active-stative language, and thus different to English, which is nominative-accusative. Compare the following example from Georgian:
ControlControl, volition or activity marks how much an argument intented for an action. There are two cases in the language to indicate high and low-control:
The alignment grants that the three core arguments of a verb the agent, subject, and object are marked according to their role as well as the control they have over the action, how active they are.
If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the so-called agentive case. Compare I run. If the subject cannot help the action, or simply experiences it, the patientive case is used; compare You fall.
In most active-stative languages, the agent of a transitive verb is always perceived as active in the action, in full control. However, in Ris, the same distinction as with subjects of intransitives apply. This means that it too may be marked with either the patientive or agentive.
NumberRis has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction. The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked. SingulativeThe singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
Dual-collectiveThe dual-collective number (dc) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural. It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts. PlurativeThe plurative (pl) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does. GenderThere are two genders in the Ris language, the animate (an) and inanimate (inan). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms. In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine (f.an) and masculine (m.an) animate gender. These mark only natural gender. CaseThere are 7 grammatical cases in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the Indo-European languages.
Core casesThe Ris language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb with the same patientive case, and marks the agent of the transitive verbs separately, with the agentive case. In the fluid subtype however, the subject of an intransive verb may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action. PatientiveThe patientive, or undergoing case, (pat) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.
AgentativeThe agentative (agt) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives with the agentative argument.
Agentive versus patientiveConfer the difference between the English intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb. Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.
Inverse markingBoth the agentive and the patientive can be the subject or agent of a verb. The choice between the two depend on the degree of control with the subject. High-control subjects get the agentive, low-control subjects get the patientive. Normally, a verb with a high-control subject would get the agentive enclitic personal pronouns "-in" suffixed. However, in verbs that are inherently high control, this is often omitted in casual speech. "To write" is an example; you rarely write unconsciously, so the agentive suffix is not necessary. This has led to an interesting phenomenon: If a verb has inherently strong control, instead of being an agentive suffix, the enclitic pronoun instead inverts the control of the verb. For example:
InstrumentalInstrumental properThe instrumental (ins) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.
Inanimate subjective instrumentalOn subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence "The knife slices the bread" could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the Proto-Indo-European language is supposed to have made the distinction.
Comitative instrumentalThe Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:
Animate subjective instrumentalThe last use of the instrumental, similarly to Russian and in part to English is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in "He was killed", and later; "He was killed by me". Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns:
LocativeLocative proper
The locative case (loc) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Ris locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". The Ris language does have adpositions in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative.
Lative locativeRelated to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹a› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/. The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.
Possessive locativeThe third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express possession, a construction very close to the Celtic and Finnish equivalents, confer:
This is the one of the ways of expressing alienable possession in Ris, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions.
AnimacyJust as the Ris language makes a difference regarding gender, a fairly strong distinction in animacy[*] is made, mainly for semantical and grammatical reasons, since there is no morphological distinction. The Ris rules of animacy dictates that no inanimate objects may stand in the agentative case. Inanimate nouns are perceived as incapable of actually performing deliberate actions. Inanimates that are the subjects of an action are therefore most often marked with the instrumental case. This construction forces the speaker to directly name an animate agent, use a passive construction, or to use an indefinite pronoun. Inanimate, or less animate nouns also have a lesser probability to be compatible with verbs connected with higher degrees of animacy, like the words for "to talk", "to think" and "control". There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from Very high to Very low and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants. Don't blame the stoneBelow is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the instrumental case, and mediopassivise the verb. Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.
Both verbs and nouns have different inherent animacy. Both the type of noun and verb are thus essential to interpret whether it can be the in the agentative case. Some verbs are more inherently animate than others in the Ris language, determining whether inanimate subjects may perform them; the word "to speak", thana, is used unexclusively for humans. Less animate subjects cannot perform this verb and are therefore coupled with another, more appropriate, one. Please note that only because inanimate nouns are less likely to perform more animate actions, more animate nouns may act out inanimate verbs. Below is table with example nouns and verbs with their respective animacy. Please note that the first two degrees most often intertwine. It is common for slightly sexistic or separatistic speakers to use work-arounds when speaking about women or children: Instead of saying that they are capable, they would say they can do (it). In other terms; stative or generic verbs describing characteristics are less likely to be used with women. They have to satisfy with the appropriate dynamic verb.
ClassesThere are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number. MorphologyNominalDeclension
VerbalConjugationActive verbsThe active Ris verbs are conjugated as follows. These are the roots of all active verb forms, on which personal suffixes are added.
PronounsDeclensionIndependentEnclitic
Samples
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