Tigol: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(45 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]


'''Tigol''' (''TEE-gol'', ''in Tioccál'' from Thensarian ''φinom Tincatlom'' 'the note, the gloss; the explanation'; [[Eevo]]: ''Tygol''; [[Anbirese]]: ''Tigol'') is a [[Talmic]] language which arose from northern dialects of [[Talmic languages|Proto-Talmic]]. Its aesthetics is based on Old Irish orthography. Tigol is the language of many manuscripts. Its extreme grammatical complexity caused it to diverge rapidly into the modern Tigolic languages.
'''Tigol''' (''TEE-gol'', ''in nTiccál'' from Pre-Tigol ''*φinom Tinkatlom'' 'the note, the gloss; the explanation'; [[Eevo]]: ''Tygol''; [[Anbirese]]: ''Tigol'') is a [[Talmic]] language which arose from northern dialects of [[Talmic languages|Proto-Talmic]]. Its aesthetics is based on Old Irish orthography, but its choice of postvocalic mutation is voicing, not spirantization. Its extreme grammatical complexity caused it to diverge rapidly into the modern Tigolic languages, [[Skellan]], [[Anbirese]] and [[Ciètian]].


The relationship of Thensarian to Tigol was much like that of Latin to early Romance, or Biblical Hebrew to TibH --- Tigol was how Thensarian texts ("ketiv") were read ("qere"), and the Tigol writing system was originally a phonetic alphabet for reading Thensarian texts.
Tigol is the language of the earliest texts of Mărotłist religion. (What should the equivalent of Tiberian Hebrew be like? What should the Modern Windermere reading be like?)
 
==Primitive Eevo==
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /t/
|
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
| '''s''' /s/
|
|
|rowspan="2" | '''h''' /h/
|-
! |<small>voiced</small>
|
|
| [z]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /ʋ/
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|}


 
==Orthography==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
Talmic script; borrow h from Windermere script
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ī''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ū''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
|
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ā''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
The diphthongs are '''ai au ei eu iu oi ui'''.


==Todo==
==Todo==
* Add retros
*''Agcaoili'' - a name
*''Agcaoili'' - a name
*''ull'' = place name morpheme (''eul-'' in Anbirese)
*''ull'' = place name morpheme (''eul-'' in Anbirese)
Line 150: Line 47:
#a-affection: Short *i and *u are lowered to e and o when the following syllable contains a non-high back vowel (*a, *ā, *o, *ō).
#a-affection: Short *i and *u are lowered to e and o when the following syllable contains a non-high back vowel (*a, *ā, *o, *ō).
#u-affection: Short *a, *e, *i are broken to short diphthongs au, eu, iu when the following syllable contains a *u or *ū that was later lost. It is assumed that at the point the change operated, u-vowels that were later lost were short *u while those that remain were long *ū. The change operates after i-affection so original *e may end up as iu.
#u-affection: Short *a, *e, *i are broken to short diphthongs au, eu, iu when the following syllable contains a *u or *ū that was later lost. It is assumed that at the point the change operated, u-vowels that were later lost were short *u while those that remain were long *ū. The change operates after i-affection so original *e may end up as iu.
==Orthography==
Talmic script; borrow ''h'' from Windermere script


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*'''b c d f g l m n ŋ p r s t''' /p kʰ t f k l m n ŋ pʰ r s tʰ/
The following consonants come in broad/slender pairs:
*"Lenition": '''ḃ ch ḋ fh ġ h mh ph sh th''' /b d g h mʰ bʰ sʰ dʰ/
*'''b c d f g l m n p r s t''' /p~pʲ ~kʲʰ t~tʲ f~fʲ k~kʲ l~lʲ m&#774;~m&#774;ʲ n~nʲ ~p r s tʰ/
*"Eclipsis": '''mb ŋc nd ŋg mf mp ns nt''' /ᵐb ᵑkʰ ⁿd ᵑg ᵐf ᵐpʰ ⁿs ⁿtʰ/
*Geminates are phonemic: '''cc ll mm nn ŋŋ pp rr ss tt''' /kː(ʲ) lː(ʲ) mː(ʲ) nː(ʲ) ŋː pː(ʲ) rː(ʲ) sː(ʲ) tː(ʲ)/
*Geminates: '''cc ll mm nn ŋŋ pp rr ss tt''' /kː lː mː nː ŋː pː rː sː tː/
'''ŋ''' /ŋ~ɴ/ cannot be slender, and comes from PTal *ʀ *ʀʷ. Proto-Talmic *k *kʷ *q *qʷ all become Tigol '''c''', except ''*sq sqʷ'' which becomes '''sŋ'''.
*voicing mutation ("+V"): '''ḃ ch ḋ fh ġ ph th''' /b(ʲ) g(ʲ)ʱ d(ʲ) v(ʲ)ʱ g(ʲ) b(ʲ)ʱ ɦ d(ʲ)ʱ/
*prenasalization ("+N"): '''mb ŋc nd ŋg mf mp ns nt''' /ᵐb(ʲ) ᵑk(ʲ)ʰ ⁿd(ʲ) ᵑg(ʲ) ᵐf(ʲ) ᵐp(ʲ)ʰ ⁿs(ʲ) ⁿt(ʲ)ʰ/
*Posttonic ''*nk nt mp ns'' become nongeminate '''c t p s''' /k(ʲ) t(ʲ) p(ʲ) s(ʲ)/
*h-prothesis ("+H"): lenited final ''s'' before a null initial becomes '''h-''' /ɦ/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
*'''a e i o u''' /a e i o u/
*Short vowels: '''a e i o u''' /a e i o u/
*'''á é í ó ú''' /aː eː iː oː uː/
*Long vowels: '''á é í ó ú éu íu''' /aː eː iː oː uː øː yː/
*'''ai ei io oi ui'''
*Short diphthongs: '''au eu iu''' /aw ew~ø iw~y/
*'''ae ao ái éi eo éu ia ío íu iú ói ua úi uí''' /ae ao ai ei eo: ø: ia i:o y: iu: o:i oi: ua u:i ui:/
*Long diphthongs: '''oí uí aú eó~eú iú''' /a:j o:j u:j a:w e:w i:w/


All five short vowels '''a e i o u''' could occur in a word-final unstressed syllable.
Five of the short vowels '''a e i o u''' could occur in a word-final unstressed syllable.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 175: Line 73:
==Poetry==
==Poetry==
Tigol poetry from the time when Tigol was living uses the Welsh cynghanedd system.
Tigol poetry from the time when Tigol was living uses the Welsh cynghanedd system.
*''Na hAmroctaíḃ Óc Eo'' = The Chronicles of Óc Eo
*''Int Amroctaí Óc Eo'' = The Chronicles of Óc Eo


[[Category:Eevo]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Eevo]][[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 13:21, 9 August 2022

Swadesh list for Tigol and the Tigolic languages

Tigol/Lexicon

Tigol (TEE-gol, in nTiccál from Pre-Tigol *φinom Tinkatlom 'the note, the gloss; the explanation'; Eevo: Tygol; Anbirese: Tigol) is a Talmic language which arose from northern dialects of Proto-Talmic. Its aesthetics is based on Old Irish orthography, but its choice of postvocalic mutation is voicing, not spirantization. Its extreme grammatical complexity caused it to diverge rapidly into the modern Tigolic languages, Skellan, Anbirese and Ciètian.

Tigol is the language of the earliest texts of Mărotłist religion. (What should the equivalent of Tiberian Hebrew be like? What should the Modern Windermere reading be like?)

Orthography

Talmic script; borrow h from Windermere script

Todo

  • Add retros
  • Agcaoili - a name
  • ull = place name morpheme (eul- in Anbirese)
  • Sian dom Ceamb can be a person's name
    • Eulsjeondamkjeom in Anbir
  • ghdhbh is allowed: aeġḋḃithir, luġḋḃae, sóiġḋḃaṁ
  • dobanis > dobh = to be like
  • change ħ to ŋ
  • immer < *φimmirae < φinae mirae = now
  • Verb prefixes:
    • ar-: on, at
    • (deut.) as-: telic
    • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
    • é-: with, co-
    • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
    • for-: causative, through
    • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
    • imm-: immediately
    • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
    • ro-: down
    • sol-: a causative
    • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
    • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
    • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from
  • Derivational affixes:
    • -ach = verbal noun
    • -aitt = adjectivizer
    • -all = verbal noun, also abstract noun?
    • an-/é- = intensive; 'very'
  • -óid = origin suffix
  • A nDessachthar = name of a museum (lit. "that you may see inside her [the Second Mover]")
  • *nt *nk > unlenited /d g/ (normally written t c). Note that PCelt *ant,*ent > *ent > /eːd/ but *int *ont *unt > /idd odd udd/ like *nk: cét /kʲeːd/ "hundred" < PCelt *kantom (cf. Welsh cant) < PIE *kṃtóm; sét /sʲeːd/ "way" < *sentu- (vs. Breton hent); ro·icc, ric(c)/r(o)-iɡɡ/ "he reaches" < *ro-ink- (vs. Bret rankout "must, owe"); tocad /toɡað/ "luck" (vs. Bret tonkad "fate").[25]*ns > unlenited s with compensatory lengthening of a preceding vowel; *ans > *ens > és similarly to *ant *ank: géis "swan" < PCelt *gansi- < PIE *ǵʰh₂ens- (vs. Dutch gans "goose").
  1. i-affection: Short *e and *o are raised to i and u when the following syllable contains a high vowel (*i, *ī, *u, *ū). It does not happen when the vowels are separated by certain consonant groups.
  2. a-affection: Short *i and *u are lowered to e and o when the following syllable contains a non-high back vowel (*a, *ā, *o, *ō).
  3. u-affection: Short *a, *e, *i are broken to short diphthongs au, eu, iu when the following syllable contains a *u or *ū that was later lost. It is assumed that at the point the change operated, u-vowels that were later lost were short *u while those that remain were long *ū. The change operates after i-affection so original *e may end up as iu.

Phonology

Consonants

The following consonants come in broad/slender pairs:

  • b c d f g l m n p r s t /p~pʲ kʰ~kʲʰ t~tʲ f~fʲ k~kʲ l~lʲ m̆~m̆ʲ n~nʲ pʰ~p r s tʰ/
  • Geminates are phonemic: cc ll mm nn ŋŋ pp rr ss tt /kː(ʲ) lː(ʲ) mː(ʲ) nː(ʲ) ŋː pː(ʲ) rː(ʲ) sː(ʲ) tː(ʲ)/

ŋ /ŋ~ɴ/ cannot be slender, and comes from PTal *ʀ *ʀʷ. Proto-Talmic *k *kʷ *q *qʷ all become Tigol c, except *sq sqʷ which becomes .

  • voicing mutation ("+V"): ḃ ch ḋ fh ġ ph ṡ th /b(ʲ) g(ʲ)ʱ d(ʲ) v(ʲ)ʱ g(ʲ) b(ʲ)ʱ ɦ d(ʲ)ʱ/
  • prenasalization ("+N"): mb ŋc nd ŋg mf mp ns nt /ᵐb(ʲ) ᵑk(ʲ)ʰ ⁿd(ʲ) ᵑg(ʲ) ᵐf(ʲ) ᵐp(ʲ)ʰ ⁿs(ʲ) ⁿt(ʲ)ʰ/
  • Posttonic *nk nt mp ns become nongeminate c t p s /k(ʲ) t(ʲ) p(ʲ) s(ʲ)/
  • h-prothesis ("+H"): lenited final s before a null initial becomes h- /ɦ/

Vowels

  • Short vowels: a e i o u /a e i o u/
  • Long vowels: á é í ó ú éu íu /aː eː iː oː uː øː yː/
  • Short diphthongs: au eu iu /aw ew~ø iw~y/
  • Long diphthongs: aí oí uí aú eó~eú iú /a:j o:j u:j a:w e:w i:w/

Five of the short vowels a e i o u could occur in a word-final unstressed syllable.

Morphology

Main article: Tigol/Morphology

Syntax

Poetry

Tigol poetry from the time when Tigol was living uses the Welsh cynghanedd system.

  • Int Amroctaí Óc Eo = The Chronicles of Óc Eo