Togarmite

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Togarmite
Þėrmiþ
Pronunciation[/θermiþ/]
Created byIlL
SettingLõis
Afro-Asiatic

Togarmite (Þėrmiþ /θermiθ/ or lysėnyn þėrmijyn /ˈləsenən θermijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew and Knánith. It is inspired by Maltese, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology and binyanim of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some grammatical restructuring (such as loss of grammatical gender and the use of the Old Togarmite waw-subjunctive for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe), taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English.

Todo

  • gdėl = big
  • kdės = (formal, mathematics) specific, particular, chosen (not arbitrary)
  • mkodas = holy, sacred (from Old Semehliþ muquddaš)
    • mkosyn = expletive/swear word like "damn"
  • Çabśyn w frasel /xabʃən və fɾasel/ = The sheep and the horses
  • nabė = to call out (wrongdoing)

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 22 native consonants:

  • m n /m n/
  • p t c k ' /(p) t ts k ʔ/
  • b d g /b d g/
  • f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
  • w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
  • l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /ɛ ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

???

Pronouns

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns.

I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we you (pl.) they
Nominative nėx hu hi ži nanė aþym høm
Objective þi þax þex þau þa þež þynė þaxym þaum
Possessive li lax lex lau la lež lynė laxym laum
Reflexive/Intensive afi afax afex afau afa afež afnė afxym afaum

The pronouns aþym and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

Regular noun declension
singular plural
indefinite ȝėlam ȝėlami
definite ȝėlamyn ȝėlamil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėrmi 'Togarmite'
singular plural
indefinite þėrmi þėrmije
definite þėrmijyn þėrmijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'
singular plural
indefinite šeȝart šeȝar
definite šeȝartyn šeȝaril

Former feminines

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

lysėn 'tongue; language'
singular plural
indefinite lysėn lysėnėþ
definite lysėnyn lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'defense (apologetics)'
singular plural
indefinite apoloža apoložė
definite apoložan apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'
singular plural
indefinite þėma þėmė / þėmata
definite þėman þėmataþil


By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'
singular plural
indefinite heta hetė
definite hetan hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle brėþ (*bi-raʔēθī yuθ- 'when-see.INF-1SG ACC') is used for 'than', however.

Verbs

  • Past = prefix conjugation
  • Present = particle še (from Old Tog. yašē₂b 'sits') + w-form?
  • Future = suffix conjugation
  • Subjunctive = w-form (like the Hebrew construction wa-ashiv-ah "so that I may answer")
  • Imperative
  • Infinitive
  • Participles

Passive uses the PSem stative; use passive participle for past passive

Binyanim

Binyan 1: fȝal

Binyan 1a conjugation: xþab 'he wrote'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional xþabti xþabt xþab xþabnė xþabtøm xþybu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti woxþøb hwit wtyxþøb hwė wexþøb hwinė wnyxþøb hwitøm wtyxþøbu hwu wexþøbu
present yxþøb tyxþøb jyxþøb nyxþøb tyxþøbu jyxþøbu
present progressive še woxþøb še wtyxþøb še wexþøb še wnyxþøb še wtyxþøbu še wexþøbu
present subjunctive yxþøban tyxþøban jyxþøban nyxþøban tyxþøbun jyxþøbun
future ėbe xþėb tėbe xþėb jėbe xþėb nėbe xþėb tėbu xþėb jėbu xþėb
w-form woxþøb wtyxþøb wexþøb wnyxþøb wtyxþøbu wexþøbu
imperative - xþøb! - - xþøbu! -
participle xėþėb xėþebi
verbal noun xþėb

Binyan 2: faȝėl

taȝėm 'to elect'

Binyan 3: hyfȝėl

hytȝėm 'to distinguish'

Binyan 4: afty3al

Binyan 5: þyfa3ėl

Binyan 6: nifty3al

Binyan 7: styfȝėl

stytȝėm 'to try out'

Concatenative "binyanim"

  • [STEM] = active
  • ʔaC-[STEM] (geminating) = passive
  • ta-[STEM] = reflexive/reciprocal
  • mV- = participle
  • -aþ = verbal noun
  • -uþ = -ity, -ness
  • i- = non-, un-
Loan verb active conjugation: maksimez 'he maximized'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional maksimezauti maksimezaut maksimez maksimezaunė maksimezautøm maksimezu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti womaksimez hwit wtymaksimez hwė wemaksimez hwinė wnymaksimez hwitøm wtymaksimezu hwu wemaksimezu
present ymaksimez tymaksimez jymaksimez nymaksimez tymaksimezu jymaksimezu
present progressive še womaksimez še wtymaksimez še wemaksimez še wnymaksimez še wtymaksimezu še wemaksimezu
present subjunctive ymaksimezan tymaksimezan jymaksimezan nymaksimezan tymaksimezun jymaksimezun
future ėbe maksimezaþ tėbe maksimezaþ jėbe maksimezaþ nėbe maksimezaþ tėbu maksimezaþ jėbu maksimezaþ
w-form womaksimez wtymaksimez wemaksimez wnymaksimez wtymaksimezu wemaksimezu
imperative - maksimez! - - maksimezu! -
participle mømaksimez mømaksimezi
verbal noun maksimezaþ


Loan verb active conjugation: amaksimez 'it was maximized'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
past; conditional amaksimezauti amaksimezaut amaksimez amaksimezaunė amaksimezautøm amaksimezu
past progressive; past subjunctive hwiti wamaksimez hwit wtamaksimez hwė wyjamaksimez hwinė wnamaksimez hwitøm wtamaksimezu hwu wyjamaksimezu
present emaksimez temaksimez jemaksimez nemaksimez temaksimezu jemaksimezu
present progressive še wamaksimez še wtamaksimez še wyjamaksimez še wnamaksimez še wtamaksimezu še wyjamaksimezu
present subjunctive emaksimezan temaksimezan jemaksimezan nemaksimezan temaksimezun jemaksimezun
future ėbe amaksimezaþ tėbe amaksimezaþ jėbe amaksimezaþ nėbe amaksimezaþ tėbu amaksimezaþ jėbu amaksimezaþ
w-form wamaksimez wtamaksimez wyjamaksimez wnamaksimez wtamaksimezu wyjamaksimezu
imperative - amaksimez! - - amaksimezu! -
participle memaksimez memaksimezi
verbal noun amaksimezaþ

Inflection

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Prepositions

Syntax of prepositions

Numerals

1: yhad 2: šnai / attributive šnė 3: šlėš 4: yrbaȝ 5: hymes 6: sec/sets 7: sabȝy 8: šmėni 9: þesȝy 10: ȝašry 20: ȝešrim 30: šlėšim 40: yrbȝim 50: hymsim 60: setsim 70: sybȝim 80: šmėnim 90: þesȝim 10: me'yþ

Syntax

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

  • myCCaC = place
  • myCCeC = instrument
  • þyCCuC = state, action
  • þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things

Affixes

Lexicon

ʔ

  • √ʔwr
    • aur 'light'
    • awėr 'to illuminate'
  • √ʔžn
    • øžny 'ear'
  • √ʔxl
    • yxal 'to eat'
    • exly 'food'
    • taxil 'comsumption'
  • √ʔmn
    • amėn (in some religions) 'Amen'
    • hy'ymėn 'to trust, to believe'
  • √ʔmr
    • ymar 'to say'
    • emry 'remark'
    • amer 'to assert, to affirm'
  • √ʔrþ
    • arþy 'earth'
  • √ʔþj
    • yþė 'to come'

B

  • bajþ 'house'
  • √brʔ
    • bra 'to create'
    • bri 'healthy'

G

  • √gdl
    • gdėl = big
    • nitgydal = to grow

D

  • √drx
    • darxy = road
    • drax = to go, to walk
    • hydrėx = to lead
  • √drs
    • dras = to study, to learn
    • darės = to demand
    • þydarės = to teach
    • mydras = school

H

  • √hdš
    • hyduš 'new'
  • √htʔ
    • heta 'sin'
    • hatė 'to sin'
  • √hmd
  • √hml
    • hymal 'to suffer'
    • hymul 'patient'
  • √hmm
    • hymum 'warm'

W

  • √wld
    • waldy 'child'
    • molad 'birth'
    • wlad (archaic) 'to give birth to (of a woman)'
    • holėd 'to give birth to, to sire, to father' (for both genders in the modern language)
  • √wrš
    • waršy 'inheritance'
    • wrėš 'to inherit'
    • wriš 'heritable'
    • wrišt 'gene'
    • morašt 'heritage'
    • twarešt 'tradition'

Z

  • √zhr (?)
    • hazhėr 'to warn'
  • √zrȝ
    • zarȝe 'seed'
    • zraȝ 'to sow'

Ž

  • √žbh
    • tyžbuh 'sacrifice (the act of sacrifice)'
    • žbih 'sacrifice (the thing or person sacrificed)'
  • žbi 'antelope'
  • √žhb
    • žahab 'gold'
    • žahėb 'to gild'
  • √žhr
    • žohri 'noon'
  • √žmr
    • žemyrt 'might'
  • √žxr
    • žyxar 'to remember'
    • žaxėr 'to record; to memorize'
    • hažxėr 'to remind'
    • haždaxar 'to come to mind'
    • styžxėr 'to make note of'
  • žrȝ
    • žerėȝ (f.) 'arm'

T

  • √tȝm
    • tȝam 'to choose; (archaic) to taste'
    • taȝėm 'to elect'
      • taȝum 'election'
    • þytaȝėm '(literary) to be pleased with, to take pleasure in'
    • stytȝėm 'to try out'

J

  • jad 'hand'
  • √jbs
    • jabas 'dry'

X

  • √xsf
    • maxsaf 'bank'

L

  • √lbs
  • √lmd
    • lymad 'to notice, to experience, to come to know'
    • lamėd 'to show, to point out'
    • halθamad 'to find one's way around'
  • lysėn 'tongue; language'

M

  • √mlx
    • malxy 'king'

N

  • √nbʔ
    • nybi 'prophet, truthteller'
    • nabė 'to call out (a wrongdoing)'
  • √nśʔ
    • nyša 'to carry'
  • √nþn
    • nyþan 'to give'

Ȝ

  • √ȝny
    • ȝnė 'to answer'
    • þyȝanė 'to satisfy'
  • √ȝšj
    • ȝyšė 'to do, to make'
    • maȝše 'act'

F

  • √flʔ
    • føle 'miracle'
    • hafle 'to amaze'
    • miføla 'wonderful'

S

  • √sxn
    • sxan 'to live (at a certain place)'
    • mesxan 'apartment'
    • saxėn 'to inhabit'
  • √smȝ
    • smaȝ 'to hear'

Š

  • šmėl 'north'

C

  • √cbȝ
  • √cdk

K

  • √kds
    • kdės 'specific, not arbitrary'
    • hakdės 'to sanctify'
  • √krʔ
    • kra 'to read, to call'
    • mekra 'scripture'
    • takru 'invocation, prayer'
  • √ksm
    • haksėm 'to curse'

P

  • √psf
    • psif 'vote'
    • psifin 'voting'
    • psaf 'to vote'

R

  • √rʔj
    • ry'ė 'to see'

Þ