Tsimulh languages: Difference between revisions

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#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cu-'' = humans, spirits
#''ʔə-'', pl. ''cu-'' = humans, spirits
#''bu-'', pl. ''lə-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
#''bu-'', pl. ''lə-'' = animals and other things that move on their own
#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' = plants and mushrooms
#''p-'', pl. ''əpi-'' = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
#''s-'', pl. ''yuš-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
#''s-'', pl. ''yuš-'' = collections or large things: ''scʼaσ'' 'forest'
#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' = roughly round, compact objects
#''ut-'', pl. ''pσə-'' = roughly round, compact objects

Revision as of 01:23, 6 March 2018

Tsimulh languages/Lexicon

The Tsimulh languages are a Trician language family mainly spoken in Txapoalli. The proto-language is Proto-Tsimulh, which is inspired by Tlingit and the Salish languages.

Todo

  • -s: past tense, genitive
  • -σi
  • t-...-t for abstract nouns
  • -iyad = augmentative
  • Reduplication
  • relativizer/relative forms for verbs

Phylogeny

Urheimat

Somewhere in Txapoalli

Phonology

Phonotactics

Tsimulh syllables are less complex than Salish but more so than Tlingit. CC clusters, including initial CC- clusters were allowed.

Consonants

A lot of consonants, but no liquids!

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal m n
Stop plain p t k q ʔ
voiced b d g ḡʷ
ejective kʷʼ qʷʼ
Affricate plain c ξ č
voiced z ž
ejective ξʼ čʼ
Fricative s σ š x χ χʷ h
Approximant y w

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i y u e ə o a/

Stress

Penultimate.

Morphology

Nouns

Noun classes

Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 13 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:

  1. ʔə-, pl. cu- = humans, spirits
  2. bu-, pl. lə- = animals and other things that move on their own
  3. p-, pl. əpi- = plants and mushrooms; things that grow
  4. s-, pl. yuš- = collections or large things: scʼaσ 'forest'
  5. ut-, pl. pσə- = roughly round, compact objects
  6. ma-, pl. əwə- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
  7. č-, pl. abi- = places, locations, slots
  8. gu-, pl. d- = various...
  9. σi-, pl. wi- = time periods; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
  10. sə-, pl. dus- = fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
  11. t- = abstractions, manner, way
  12. t’em- = infinitives, verbal nouns
  13. pda- = -ness, -hood

In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:

  • Type A: Traditional, strictly formal
  • Type B: Traditional with general animate concords
  • Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking
  • Type D: SG/PL-marking only
  • Type E: No concords at all

Cases

  • Nominative: -0
  • Genitive: -s

Verbs

Noun class prefixes

  • I = kʷə-
  • you (sg) = xʷə-
  • we = wə-
  • you (pl) = cə-
  • Noun class prefixes:
    1. ʔə-, pl. cu-
    2. bu-, pl. lə-
    3. p-, pl. əpi-
    4. s-, pl. yuš-
    5. ut-, pl. pσə-
    6. ma-, pl. əwə-
    7. č-, pl. abi-
    8. gu-, pl. d-
    9. σi-, pl. wi-
    10. sə-, pl. dus-
    11. t-, no plural
    12. t’em-, no plural
    13. pda- (common for abstract nouns), no plural

Tense affixes

-s - past tense