Tsimulh languages

Tsimulh languages/Lexicon

The Tsimulh languages are a Trician language family mainly spoken in Txapoalli. The proto-language is Proto-Tsimulh, which is inspired by Tlingit and the Salish languages.

Todo

• -s: past tense, genitive
• -σi
• t-...-t for abstract nouns
• -iyad = augmentative
• Reduplication
• relativizer/relative forms for verbs

Phylogeny

• Proto-Tsimulh
  • Sacred Sfətsiv (call it something else)
    • Sfətsiv
  • Hetomic

Urheimat

Somewhere in Txapoalli

Phonology

Phonotactics

Tsimulh syllables are less complex than Salish but more so than Tlingit. CC clusters, including initial CC- clusters were allowed.

Consonants

A lot of consonants, but no liquids!

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			central	lateral		plain	labialized	plain	labialized
Nasal		m	n
Stop	plain	p	t			k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	voiced	b	d			g	gʷ	ḡ	ḡʷ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ			kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Affricate	plain		c	ξ	č
	voiced		z		ž
	ejective		cʼ	ξʼ	čʼ
Fricative			s	σ	š	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	h
Approximant					y		w

Vowels

i ü u e ə o a /i y u e ə o a/

Stress

Penultimate.

Morphology

Nouns

Noun classes

Proto-Tsimulh had 13 noun classes:

1. bu-, pl. cu- = humans, spirits
2. ʔəσ-, pl. lə- = animals and other things that move on their own
3. p-, pl. əpi- = plants and mushrooms
4. s-, pl. yuš- = collections or large things: scʼaσ 'forest'
5. ut-, pl. pσə- = roughly round, compact objects
6. ma-, pl. əwə- = long objects; tools, instruments, devices
7. č-, pl. abi- = places, locations, slots
8. gu-, pl. d- = various...
9. σi-, pl. wi- = time periods; things that are temporary (e.g. ice)
10. sə-, pl. dus- = fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...)
11. t- = abstractions, manner, way
12. t’em- = infinitives, verbal nouns
13. pda- = -ness, -hood

In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:

• Type A: Traditional, strictly formal
• Type B: Traditional with general animate concords
• Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking
• Type D: SG/PL-marking only
• Type E: No concords at all

Cases

• Nominative: -0
• Genitive: -s

Verbs

Noun class prefixes

• I = kʷə-
• you (sg) = xʷə-
• we = wə-
• you (pl) = cə-
• Noun class prefixes:
  1. ʔə-, pl. cu-
  2. ʔəσ-, pl. lə-
  3. p-, pl. əpi-
  4. s-, pl. yuš-
  5. ut-, pl. pσə-
  6. ma-, pl. əwə-
  7. č-, pl. abi-
  8. gu-, pl. d-
  9. σi-, pl. wi-
  10. sə-, pl. dus-
  11. t-, no plural
  12. t’em-, no plural
  13. pda- (common for abstract nouns), no plural

Tense affixes

-s - past tense