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|image= POMORZE_XII-copy.png
|image= POMORZE_XII-copy.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= ''Old Pomorian language''
|name= Old Pomorian
|nativename=''(Vėtuhapamarėska gålba)''
|nativename=Vėtuhapamarėska gålba
|pronunciation=/ˈʋeː.tʊ.ɦɑ.pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ/
|pronunciation=ˈʋeː.tʊ.ɦɑ.pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ
|-
|creator=User:Raistas
|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]
|setting=''[[Verse:Pamarija|Parallel World]]''
|setting=''Parallel World''
|-
<!--|speakers=
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Vėtuhapamarėska gålba</big>
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Vėtuhapamarėska gålba</big>
|date=-->
|date=-->
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=Latn
|-
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be very similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent. According to the newest data and  
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex. According to the newest data and the research of extinct southern dialects there could actually be three distinct accents, all of which having long or short variation. Some scholars even propose that Old Pomorian had broken tone similar to Danish stød or Latvian lauzta intonacija which then became a long circumflex accent in modern Western dialects. But this topic still needs more research, yet nothing can be stated for sure.
 
===Ablaut===
As in Early-Proto Slavic, Old Pomorian also retained productive ablaut alterations, although they had been reduced early in its history. Some new alterations appeared instead and ablaut is still mostly productive even in the modern language. Here the alterations are listed:
{| class="wikitable compressible compressed"  style="text-align: center"
|-
! e-grade
| e
| ei
| jau
| el
| er
| em
| en
|-
! ē-grade
| ē
| ēi
| (jāu)
| ēl
| ēr
| ēm
| ēn
|-
! i-grade
| i
| ī
| u
| il
| ir
| im
| in
|-
! a-grade
| a
| ai
| au
| al
| ar
| am
| an
|-
! ā-grade
| ā
| āi
| āu
| āl
| ār
| ām
| ān
|-
! u-grade
| u
| i
| ū
| ul
| ur
| um
| un
|-
|}
 
All the ablaut series remained mostly unchanged (they only underwent some phonological changes and became slightly diiferent in every dialect), but only North-Western dialects retained most qualitative alterations productive.
 
==Grammar==
Almost all the Old Pomorian morphology is reconstructed and not attested. The internal reconstruction was used by comparing different dialects.
===Nouns===
Noun declension patterns were pretty much recognizable with few differences in endings. There were also seven declensions same as in modern Pomorian. Endings for the Western dialects are before the slash while endings for Eastern - after the slash in the table below.
 
'''-es (masculine), -ā (feminine), -an (neuter)'''
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| grā́des = hail
! colspan=3| galvā́ = head
! colspan=3| mârjan = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|grā́d'''es''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''ai'''
|galv'''ā́''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gàlv'''ās'''
|mar'''jan''' || mâr'''jai''' ||mar'''jā'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|grā́d'''ās''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''ūn'''
|galv'''ā́s''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ū́n'''
|màr'''jā''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|grā́d'''āu''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''ames'''
|gãlv'''āi''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''àmes'''
|màr'''jāu''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''iãmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|grā́d'''an''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''us'''
|gãlv'''ān''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''es'''
|màr'''jan''' || màr'''jai''' ||màr'''jes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|grā́d'''umis/ā''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''aimīs'''
|gâlv'''ajān/ān''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''ā̂mīs'''
|màr'''jumis/jā''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''jâmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|grā́d'''ē/ēi''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''aihu'''
|gâlv'''āje/āi''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ā̂su'''
|mâr'''ēje/ēi''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jā̂su'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|grā́d'''ei/e''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''āi'''
|gãlv'''a''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''ā'''
|màr'''ja''' || màr'''jai'''||màr'''jā'''
|-
 
|}
 
'''-is (masculine, feminine), -in (neuter)'''
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zwērì = animal
! colspan=3| ugnìn = fire
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zwēr'''ìs''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwḗr'''eis/īs'''
|ugn'''ìn''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ùgn'''ijē/ī'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zwēr'''eîs''' || zwēr'''jaû''' ||zwēr'''jū́n'''
|ugn'''eîs''' || ugn'''jaû''' ||ugn'''jū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zwē͂r'''ijei/ēi''' || zwēr'''ìmā''' ||zwēr'''ìmes'''
|u͂gn'''ijei/ēi''' || ugn'''ìmā''' ||ugn'''ìmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zwē͂r'''in''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwḗr'''ins'''
|u͂gn'''in''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ugn'''ī́n'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zwēr'''îmi''' || zwēr'''ìmā''' ||zwēr'''îmīs'''
|ugn'''ìmi''' || ugn'''ìmā''' ||ugn'''îmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zwēr'''ē̂i''' || zwēr'''jâu''' ||zwēr'''ìhu'''
|ugn'''ē̂i''' || ugn'''jâu''' ||ugn'''ìhu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zwēr'''eĩ/ī́''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwēr'''ijḗ/ḗi'''
|ũgn'''i/eĩ''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ugn'''ijḗ/ḗi'''
|-
 
|}
 
'''-us (masculine), -un (neuter)'''
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| sūnùs = son
! colspan=3| ledùn = ice
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|sūn'''ùs''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''awe/ūs'''
|led'''ùn''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''ū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|sūn'''aûs''' || sūn'''aû''' ||sūn'''awū́n/ū́n'''
|led'''aûs''' || led'''aû''' ||led'''ū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|sū̂n'''awei''' || sūn'''ùmā''' ||sūn'''ùmes'''
|lêd'''awei''' || led'''ùmā''' ||led'''ùmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|sū̂n'''un''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''uns'''
|lêd'''un''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''ūn'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|sūn'''ùmi''' || sūn'''ùmā''' ||sūn'''ûmīs'''
|led'''ùmi''' || led'''ùmā''' ||led'''ûmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|sūn'''ā̂u''' || sūn'''âu''' ||sūn'''ùhu'''
|led'''ā̂u''' || led'''âu''' ||led'''ùhu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|sū̂n'''au/ū''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''au/ū'''
|lêd'''u/ū''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''au/ū'''
|-
 
|}
 
'''-s (masculine) -ū (feminine), -n/t/s (neuter)'''
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zmū́ = human being
! colspan=3| mḗns = moon
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zm'''ū́''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''ènes/ènīs'''
|mḗn'''s''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''enes/esās'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zm'''enī́s''' || zm'''enù''' ||zm'''enū́n'''
|mḗn'''esīs''' || mḗn'''esu''' ||mḗn'''esū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zm'''ênei''' || zm'''ènmā''' ||zm'''ènmes'''
|mḗn'''esei''' || mḗn'''esmā''' ||mḗn'''esmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zm'''ênin''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''enī́ns/ènā'''
|mḗn'''esin''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''esīns/esā'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zm'''enmì''' || zm'''ènmā''' ||zm'''ènmīs'''
|mḗn'''esmi''' || mḗn'''esmā''' ||mḗn'''esmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zm'''enē̂''' || zm'''enù''' ||zm'''ènsu'''
|mḗn'''esē''' || mḗn'''esu''' ||mḗn'''esu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zm'''enĩ/ū́n''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''ène/esā'''
|mḗn'''esi/s''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''ese/esā'''
|-
 
|}
 
===Verbs===
Verb conjugation was a bit different from modern Pomorian being more archaic. More verbs belong to the fourth conjugation type. Simple present and past tenses have been reconstructed for Old Pomorian with relics of a simple (or probably continuous) future tense. Verb endings are in the table below.
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Present tense
! colspan=4| Thematic
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-ām, *-ū 1 || -wā || -emas/-eme
|-
! 2nd
| -esēi/-ēi || -tā || -ete
|-
! 3rd
| -eti || -tes || -anti
|-
! colspan=4| Athematic
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-mì || -wā́ || -màs
|-
! 2nd
| -sēi || -tā́ || -tè
|-
! 3rd
| -ti || -tes || -ànti
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Past tense
! colspan=4| Simple
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -an/-un || -wai || -āme
|-
! 2nd
| *-ēis, *-eis 2 || -tāi || -āte
|-
! 3rd
| -e || -tes || -ēn
|-
! colspan=4| Sigmatic
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -uhun || -hawai || -hāme
|-
! 2nd
| *-his, *-hēis 2 || -stā || -āste
|-
! 3rd
| -hēs || -stes || -hēn
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Future tense
! colspan=4| Simple
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-sjām, *-sjū 1 || -siwā || -esimas
|-
! 2nd
| -sjei/-sēi || -sitā || -esite
|-
! 3rd
| -siti || -sites || -sjanti
|-
!colspan=4| *(Continuous) 3
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-ensjū  || -ensiwā || -ensjemas
|-
! 2nd
| -ensjēi/-ensēi || -ensitā || -ensjete
|-
! 3rd
| -ensiti || -ensites || -ensjanti
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
# Both endings could be reconstructed for 1st person singular in present tense. The former ending is from the Western dialects, the latter - from the Eastern ones. The Eastern form with an '''ū''' is expected from simple phonological development, while the Western '''ām''' is explained by an innovation, shared with Slavic languages, however it doesn't mean that the change happened in early Proto-Slavic, otherwise there would be no differences in endings between the dialects.
# According to the modern language the ''-ēis'' ending is reconstructible for 2nd person singular in past tense, but the form ''-ei'' was attested. However it is not precisely known whether the ''-ei(s)'' ending was real or it could be a misspelling.
# It is not know how exactly the ''en'' suffix functioned, it could indicate a process or duration of an action. It is not found anywhere except this tense.
 
An interesting feature Old Pomorian verbs possessed was a presence of '''objective clitics'''. These clitics were attached to the end of prefixless transitive verbs or to the beginning of transitive verbs with prefixes to show a direct object. Those clitics are seldom used in North-Western dialects of the modern language, but are considered archaic. Pronouns in accusative case are used instead nowadays.
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -mej-/-mi- || -vās-/-vā- || -mes-/-me-
|-
! 2nd
| -tej-/-ti- || -tās-/-tā- || tes-/-te-
|-
|}
Clitics could be attached in all tenses and moods and didn't change their form like real verb personal endings. However they had long form (if the verb began in a vowel) and short (if the verb began in a consonant). There was no clitic for a third person, a corresponding pronoun was always used in that case. A similar '''reflexive clitic''' (-sej-/-si-) was also present which made a verb intransitive (it is similar to English word "oneself). For example: ''nātigēdjau'' means "I asked you", ''beināsigēdjesi'' is "if you ask yourself".
 
==Development==
===To Early and Old Pomorian===
* *ś, *ź > *s, *z, a change shared with West Baltic and Proto-Slavic.
* *ē, *ō > *ī, *ū before a final sonorant and sometimes at the end of the word. This change was blocked in some cases by analogical leveling, like in dual number.
* *eu > *jau
* *ā and *ō > *ā, a change shared with Proto-Slavic and West Baltic (in unstressed positions only).
*-as > *-es (in Baltic remained as *-as, in Slavic changed into *-əs and then into *-ъ except Old Novgorodian, where it became -e)
* *š > *x
* *ā > *ū before labial consonants, but was blocked due to an analogical leveling in ''-āti'' endings before labials and its conjugation. Similar change happened in Old Prussian.
 
These changes happened before the IIIth century CE. It was the time when Early Pomorian separated from Early Proto-Slavic while still remaining a dialect of it. Some loanwords from Proto-Germanic and old Indo-Iranian languages and then also from Old Gothic were entering the language during this time. There were some changes in morphological structure but nothing major had happened by the VIIIth century, when the palatalization of velars started similar to the [[w:Slavic first palatalization|first Slavic palatalization]].
* *k, *g, *x > *č /t͡ɕ/, *dž /d͡ʑ/, *š /ɕ/ before front vowels.
*sk, *zg > *škj, *žgj before front vowels.
Some Germanic words borrowed during this time were also affected by the palatalization. Despite started in the VIII century this process has not finished yet in the North-Western dialect, where words both with and without the palatalization appeared.
 
At first the nasalization happened only with long vowels approximately in XIIth - XIIIth centuries, after which Old Pomorian started developing into Middle Pomorian.
 
===To Middle Pomorian===
* In the XIII century most final consonants fell out.
* Nasalization of short vowels happened after fricatives. These short nasal vowels than merged with the long ones in all dialects except Southern.
 
In the late XIVth century the process called the iotation happened resulting in new palatal phonemes.
* *tj, *dj, *lj, *nj, *rj > */tʲ/, */dʲ/, */lʲ/, */nʲ/, */rʲ/
* *sj, *zj, čj, džj > */sʲ/, */zʲ/, */t͡sʲ/, */d͡zʲ/
* *stj, *zdj > *šť, *žď
* *škj, žgj > *sk, *zg or *šk, *žg in Western dialects.
* *škj, žgj > *č, *dž in Southern dialects.
* *č, *dž > *c /t͡s/, *dz /d͡z/. Did not occure in extinct Southern dialects.
* *škj, žgj > */t͡ʃ/, */d͡ʒ/ in Eastern dialects.
* */ɕ/ > /ʆ/
* *ao (probably /ɑɔ̯/) > *å /ɔː/
In the XVth century final long vowels shortened. This is the time when final *e dropped in non-Western dialects.
* [i], [u] > [ɪ], [ʊ]
* Final *i drops in extinct Southern dialects and Ežerina.
* *a > *o [ɔ] under new circumflex accent in extinct Southern dialects and Ežerina.
* *s, *z, *c, *dz > *š, *ž, *č, *dž before high front vowels. Does not occure in Western dialects.
* *s, *z, *c, *dz > *š, *ž, *č, *dž before open-mid front vowels. Only in Southern dialects.
* *au, *ei > *ō /oː/, ẹ /eː/
* *ai > *ē everywhere except Eastern dialects.
* *ai > *ei in Eastern dialect.
* *a > *o /ɔ/ under short and long circumflex accent in Eastern dialects.
* */ʆ/, */ʃ/ > /ʃ/
* /sʲ/, /zʲ/, /t͡sʲ/, /d͡zʲ/ > /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels in Western and Central dialects.
* */tʲ/, */dʲ/, */lʲ/, */nʲ/ > /c/, /ɟ/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/
* *ą̄, *ą, *ę̄, *ę > ą, ę, everywhere except Southern dialects.
* *ą̄, *ę̄ > ā, iā in Southen dialects.
* *a > *å before velar consonants in Central and Cenral-Eastern dialects.
* *a > *å before *v
* *vå > *å in South-Western and Southern dialects.
* *å > *o [ɔ] in Ežerina.
* /f/ appears as a phoneme in borrowings.
* */c/, */ɟ/ > /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/ in Southern and Eastern dialects.
* *šť, *žď, > *č, *dž in Southern and Eastern dialects.
In the XVIIth century the rest short vowels before nasal consonants became nasal. This did not happen in Western dialects.
 
===To modern Pomorian===
During the modern period Pomorian vowels underwent a major shift resulting in modern vowel system.
* *ō, *ẹ > uo, ie. Did not happen with *ō in Eastern dialects.
* *ā, *ē > o /oː/, ė /eː/. Did not happen in Eastern dialects.
* *a > *u before labial consonants in Western and South-Western dialects.
* *ovo > uo
* *į, *ų > (j)ie, (v)uo in some Northern dialects including Hel dialect.
* *ę, *ą > [jæː]/[æː], [aː] in some Northern dialects including Hel.
* *ēi, *āu > ei, au everywhere, except Eastern dialects.
* *ei, *ie, *au, *uo > jei, jei, vau, vuo word initially in North-Western dialects.
* *ie > ī in Eastern dialects.
* *ēi, *āu > ie, uo in Eastern dialects. This also applies to *o in loanwords.
* *i, *ī > y /ɨ/, ȳ /ɨː/ before dental stops, affricates and fricatives in Southern and Eastern dialects.
* *e > a before dental stops, affricates and fricatives in Eastern dialects.
* *ū > *yu /ɨʊ/ in some South-Eastern dialects.
* *ū > *ui /uɨ̯/ after labial consonants in Central and under a long circumflex in Eastern dialects.
* *il > *yu /ɨʊ/ in Eatern dialects.
* */uɨ̯/ > /ɨʊ/ in Eatern dialects.
* */rʲ/ > /r/ in Southern, South-Western and Ežerina
* *i, *ī > y /ɨ/, ȳ /ɨː/ before *r in Southern, South-Western and Ežerina
* *x > h
* /sʲ/, /zʲ/, /t͡sʲ/, /d͡zʲ/ > /ɕ/, /ʑ/, /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/ in Western and Southern dialects.
* Palatal consonants become dental in Northern dialects.
* *u, *a > *ü, *ö > *i, *e near front vowels in Hel dialect, when unstressed.
* *a, *å > oa under circumflex accent in Northern dialects.
* *e > ea under circumflex accent in Northern dialects except Hel.


[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]
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