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Vėtuhapamarėska (view source)

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|image= POMORZE_XII-copy.png
|image= POMORZE_XII-copy.png
|imagesize= 250px
|imagesize= 250px
|name= ''Old Pomorian language''
|name= Old Pomorian
|nativename=''(Vėtuhapamarėska gålba)''
|nativename=Vėtuhapamarėska gålba
|pronunciation=/ˈʋeː.tʊ.ɦɑ.pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ/
|pronunciation=ˈʋeː.tʊ.ɦɑ.pɑ.ˈma:.reː.skɑ
|-
|creator=User:Raistas
|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]
|setting=''[[Verse:Pamarija|Parallel World]]''
|setting=''Parallel World''
|-
<!--|speakers=
<!--|speakers=
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Vėtuhapamarėska gålba</big>
<nowiki>|</nowiki> <big>Vėtuhapamarėska gålba</big>
|date=-->
|date=-->
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor=[[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Proto-Balto-Slavic language|Proto-Balto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|ancestor3=[[w:History of Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic|Early Proto-Slavic]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script1=Latn
|-
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
* Phonetically speaking sequences of a vowel and an approximant were not real diphthongs, but they also were descending or ascending and took part in ablaut.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex, but it is not accepted whether acute was the falling and circumflex - the rising accent (the accent system is speculated to be reversed in modern Pomorian). According to the newest data and the research of extinct southern dialects there could actually be three distinct accents, all of which having long or short variation. Some scholars even propose that Old Pomorian had broken tone similar to Danish stød or Latvian lauzta intonacija which then became a long acute accent in modern language. But this topic still needs more research, yet nothing can be stated for sure.
Old Pomorian was a pitch-accented language. Little can be found out about its stress from the few attestations but it is generally considered to be similar to modern Pomorian. There were also two different types of accent - acute and circumflex. According to the newest data and the research of extinct southern dialects there could actually be three distinct accents, all of which having long or short variation. Some scholars even propose that Old Pomorian had broken tone similar to Danish stød or Latvian lauzta intonacija which then became a long circumflex accent in modern Western dialects. But this topic still needs more research, yet nothing can be stated for sure.
 
===Ablaut===
===Ablaut===
As in Early-Proto Slavic, Old Pomorian also retained productive ablaut alterations, although they had been reduced early in its history. Some new alterations appeared instead and ablaut is still mostly productive even in the modern language. Here the alterations are listed:
As in Early-Proto Slavic, Old Pomorian also retained productive ablaut alterations, although they had been reduced early in its history. Some new alterations appeared instead and ablaut is still mostly productive even in the modern language. Here the alterations are listed:
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Almost all the Old Pomorian morphology is reconstructed and not attested. The internal reconstruction was used by comparing different dialects.
Almost all the Old Pomorian morphology is reconstructed and not attested. The internal reconstruction was used by comparing different dialects.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Noun declension patterns were pretty much recognizable with few differences in endings. There were also seven declensions same as in modern Pomorian.
Noun declension patterns were pretty much recognizable with few differences in endings. There were also seven declensions same as in modern Pomorian. Endings for the Western dialects are before the slash while endings for Eastern - after the slash in the table below.


'''-es (masculine), -ā (feminine), -an (neuter)'''
'''-es (masculine), -ā (feminine), -an (neuter)'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|grā́d'''es''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''aī'''
|grā́d'''es''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''ai'''
|galv'''ā́''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gàlv'''ā'''
|galv'''ā́''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gàlv'''ās'''
|mar'''jan''' || mâr'''jai''' ||mar'''jā'''
|mar'''jan''' || mâr'''jai''' ||mar'''jā'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|grā́d'''ā''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''un'''
|grā́d'''ās''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''ūn'''
|galv'''ā́''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''un'''
|galv'''ā́s''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ū́n'''
|màr'''jā''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jun'''
|màr'''jā''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jū́n'''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|grā́d'''āu''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''amis'''
|grā́d'''āu''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''ames'''
|gãlv'''ēi''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''àmis'''
|gãlv'''āi''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''àmes'''
|màr'''jāu''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''iãmis'''
|màr'''jāu''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''iãmes'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
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|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|grā́d'''umis''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''aimī'''
|grā́d'''umis/ā''' || grā́d'''amā''' ||grā́d'''aimīs'''
|gâlv'''ajān''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''ā̂mī'''
|gâlv'''ajān/ān''' || galv'''ā́mā''' ||galv'''ā̂mīs'''
|màr'''jumis''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''jâmī'''
|màr'''jumis/jā''' || mar'''jàmā''' ||mar'''jâmīs'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|grā́d'''ejē''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''aihu'''
|grā́d'''ē/ēi''' || grā́d'''au''' ||grā́d'''aihu'''
|gâlv'''ajē''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ā̂su'''
|gâlv'''āje/āi''' || galv'''âu''' ||galv'''ā̂su'''
|mâr'''ejē''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jā̂su'''
|mâr'''ēje/ēi''' || mâr'''jau''' ||mar'''jā̂su'''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|grā́d'''e''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''āi'''
|grā́d'''ei/e''' || grā́d'''ā''' ||grā́d'''āi'''
|gãlv'''a''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''ā'''
|gãlv'''a''' || gàlv'''ai''' ||gãlv'''ā'''
|màr'''ja''' || màr'''jai'''||màr'''jā'''
|màr'''ja''' || màr'''jai'''||màr'''jā'''
|-
|}
'''-is (masculine, feminine), -in (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zwērì = animal
! colspan=3| ugnìn = fire
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zwēr'''ìs''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwḗr'''eis/īs'''
|ugn'''ìn''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ùgn'''ijē/ī'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zwēr'''eîs''' || zwēr'''jaû''' ||zwēr'''jū́n'''
|ugn'''eîs''' || ugn'''jaû''' ||ugn'''jū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zwē͂r'''ijei/ēi''' || zwēr'''ìmā''' ||zwēr'''ìmes'''
|u͂gn'''ijei/ēi''' || ugn'''ìmā''' ||ugn'''ìmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zwē͂r'''in''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwḗr'''ins'''
|u͂gn'''in''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ugn'''ī́n'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zwēr'''îmi''' || zwēr'''ìmā''' ||zwēr'''îmīs'''
|ugn'''ìmi''' || ugn'''ìmā''' ||ugn'''îmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zwēr'''ē̂i''' || zwēr'''jâu''' ||zwēr'''ìhu'''
|ugn'''ē̂i''' || ugn'''jâu''' ||ugn'''ìhu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zwēr'''eĩ/ī́''' || zwē͂r'''ī''' ||zwēr'''ijḗ/ḗi'''
|ũgn'''i/eĩ''' || ûgn'''ī''' ||ugn'''ijḗ/ḗi'''
|-
|}
'''-us (masculine), -un (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| sūnùs = son
! colspan=3| ledùn = ice
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|sūn'''ùs''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''awe/ūs'''
|led'''ùn''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''ū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|sūn'''aûs''' || sūn'''aû''' ||sūn'''awū́n/ū́n'''
|led'''aûs''' || led'''aû''' ||led'''ū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|sū̂n'''awei''' || sūn'''ùmā''' ||sūn'''ùmes'''
|lêd'''awei''' || led'''ùmā''' ||led'''ùmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|sū̂n'''un''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''uns'''
|lêd'''un''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''ūn'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|sūn'''ùmi''' || sūn'''ùmā''' ||sūn'''ûmīs'''
|led'''ùmi''' || led'''ùmā''' ||led'''ûmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|sūn'''ā̂u''' || sūn'''âu''' ||sūn'''ùhu'''
|led'''ā̂u''' || led'''âu''' ||led'''ùhu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|sū̂n'''au/ū''' || sū́n'''ū''' ||sū́n'''au/ū'''
|lêd'''u/ū''' || lèd'''ū''' ||lèd'''au/ū'''
|-
|}
'''-s (masculine) -ū (feminine), -n/t/s (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zmū́ = human being
! colspan=3| mḗns = moon
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zm'''ū́''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''ènes/ènīs'''
|mḗn'''s''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''enes/esās'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zm'''enī́s''' || zm'''enù''' ||zm'''enū́n'''
|mḗn'''esīs''' || mḗn'''esu''' ||mḗn'''esū́n'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zm'''ênei''' || zm'''ènmā''' ||zm'''ènmes'''
|mḗn'''esei''' || mḗn'''esmā''' ||mḗn'''esmes'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zm'''ênin''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''enī́ns/ènā'''
|mḗn'''esin''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''esīns/esā'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zm'''enmì''' || zm'''ènmā''' ||zm'''ènmīs'''
|mḗn'''esmi''' || mḗn'''esmā''' ||mḗn'''esmīs'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zm'''enē̂''' || zm'''enù''' ||zm'''ènsu'''
|mḗn'''esē''' || mḗn'''esu''' ||mḗn'''esu'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zm'''enĩ/ū́n''' || zm'''ène''' ||zm'''ène/esā'''
|mḗn'''esi/s''' || mḗn'''ese''' ||mḗn'''ese/esā'''
|-
|-


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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verb conjugation was a bit different from modern Pomorian being more archaic. More verbs belong to the fourth conjugation type. Simple present and past tenses have been reconstructed for Old Pomorian. Verb endings are in the table below.
Verb conjugation was a bit different from modern Pomorian being more archaic. More verbs belong to the fourth conjugation type. Simple present and past tenses have been reconstructed for Old Pomorian with relics of a simple (or probably continuous) future tense. Verb endings are in the table below.
{|
{|
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Present tense
|+ Present tense
! colspan=4| Thematic
|-
! person
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
| *-āu, *-am 1 || -(d)vā || -ema
| *-ām, *-ū 1 || -wā || -emas/-eme
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| -esi || -ta || -ete
| -esēi/-ēi || -tā || -ete
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| -eti || -te || -anti
| -eti || -tes || -anti
|-
! colspan=4| Athematic
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-mì || -wā́ || -màs
|-
! 2nd
| -sēi || -tā́ || -tè
|-
! 3rd
| -ti || -tes || -ànti
|}
|}
|
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Past tense
|+ Past tense
! colspan=4| Simple
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -an/-un || -wai || -āme
|-
! 2nd
| *-ēis, *-eis 2 || -tāi || -āte
|-
! 3rd
| -e || -tes || -ēn
|-
! colspan=4| Sigmatic
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| -uhun || -hawai || -hāme
|-
! 2nd
| *-his, *-hēis 2 || -stā || -āste
|-
! 3rd
| -hēs || -stes || -hēn
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align: center"
|+ Future tense
! colspan=4| Simple
|-
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
! 1st
| *-sjām, *-sjū 1 || -siwā || -esimas
|-
! 2nd
| -sjei/-sēi || -sitā || -esite
|-
! 3rd
| -siti || -sites || -sjanti
|-
!colspan=4| *(Continuous) 3
|-
! person
! person
! Singular || Dual || Plural
! Singular || Dual || Plural
|-
|-
! 1st
! 1st
| -au || -vai || -āme
| *-ensjū  || -ensiwā || -ensjemas
|-
|-
! 2nd
! 2nd
| *-ais, *-ēi 2 || -va || -āte
| -ensjēi/-ensēi || -ensitā || -ensjete
|-
|-
! 3rd
! 3rd
| -ē || -ve || -ent
| -ensiti || -ensites || -ensjanti
|}
|}
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
# Both endings could be reconstructed for 1st person singular in present tense. The former ending is from Eastern dialects, the latter - from Western ones.
# Both endings could be reconstructed for 1st person singular in present tense. The former ending is from the Western dialects, the latter - from the Eastern ones. The Eastern form with an '''ū''' is expected from simple phonological development, while the Western '''ām''' is explained by an innovation, shared with Slavic languages, however it doesn't mean that the change happened in early Proto-Slavic, otherwise there would be no differences in endings between the dialects.
# According to the modern language the ''-ais'' ending is reconstructible for 2nd person singular in past tense, but the form ''-ēi'' was attested. However it is not precisely known whether the -ēi ending was real or it could be a misspelling.
# According to the modern language the ''-ēis'' ending is reconstructible for 2nd person singular in past tense, but the form ''-ei'' was attested. However it is not precisely known whether the ''-ei(s)'' ending was real or it could be a misspelling.
# It is not know how exactly the ''en'' suffix functioned, it could indicate a process or duration of an action. It is not found anywhere except this tense.


An interesting feature Old Pomorian verbs possessed was a presence of '''objective clitics'''. These clitics were attached to the end of prefixless transitive verbs or to the beginning of transitive verbs with prefixes to show a direct object. Those clitics are seldom used in North-Western dialects of the modern language, but are considered archaic. Pronouns in accusative case are used instead nowadays.
An interesting feature Old Pomorian verbs possessed was a presence of '''objective clitics'''. These clitics were attached to the end of prefixless transitive verbs or to the beginning of transitive verbs with prefixes to show a direct object. Those clitics are seldom used in North-Western dialects of the modern language, but are considered archaic. Pronouns in accusative case are used instead nowadays.
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Clitics could be attached in all tenses and moods and didn't change their form like real verb personal endings. However they had long form (if the verb began in a vowel) and short (if the verb began in a consonant). There was no clitic for a third person, a corresponding pronoun was always used in that case. A similar '''reflexive clitic''' (-sej-/-si-) was also present which made a verb intransitive (it is similar to English word "oneself). For example: ''nātigēdjau'' means "I asked you", ''nāsigēdjesi'' is "you ask yourself".
Clitics could be attached in all tenses and moods and didn't change their form like real verb personal endings. However they had long form (if the verb began in a vowel) and short (if the verb began in a consonant). There was no clitic for a third person, a corresponding pronoun was always used in that case. A similar '''reflexive clitic''' (-sej-/-si-) was also present which made a verb intransitive (it is similar to English word "oneself). For example: ''nātigēdjau'' means "I asked you", ''beināsigēdjesi'' is "if you ask yourself".


==Development==
==Development==
===To Early and Old Pomorian===
===To Early and Old Pomorian===
* *ē, *ō > *ī, *ū before a final sonorant.
* *ś, *ź > *s, *z, a change shared with West Baltic and Proto-Slavic.
* *ā and *ō > *ā, a change shared with Proto-Slavic.
* *ē, *ō > *ī, *ū before a final sonorant and sometimes at the end of the word. This change was blocked in some cases by analogical leveling, like in dual number.
* *ā > *ū before labial consonants.
* *eu > *jau
* *ā and *ō > *ā, a change shared with Proto-Slavic and West Baltic (in unstressed positions only).
*-as > *-es (in Baltic remained as *-as, in Slavic changed into *-əs and then into *-ъ except Old Novgorodian, where it became -e)
* *š > *x
* *ā > *ū before labial consonants, but was blocked due to an analogical leveling in ''-āti'' endings before labials and its conjugation. Similar change happened in Old Prussian.


These changes happened before the IIIth century CE. It was the time when Early Pomorian separated from Early Proto-Slavic while still remaining a dialect of it. Some loanwords from Proto-Germanic and old Indo-Iranian languages and then also from Gothic were entering the language during this time. There were some changes in morphological structure but nothing major had happened by the VIIIth century, when the palatalization of velars started similar to the [[w:Slavic first palatalization|first Slavic palatalization]].
These changes happened before the IIIth century CE. It was the time when Early Pomorian separated from Early Proto-Slavic while still remaining a dialect of it. Some loanwords from Proto-Germanic and old Indo-Iranian languages and then also from Old Gothic were entering the language during this time. There were some changes in morphological structure but nothing major had happened by the VIIIth century, when the palatalization of velars started similar to the [[w:Slavic first palatalization|first Slavic palatalization]].
* *k, *g, *x > *č /t͡ɕ/, *dž /d͡ʑ/, *š /ɕ/ before front vowels.
* *k, *g, *x > *č /t͡ɕ/, *dž /d͡ʑ/, *š /ɕ/ before front vowels.
*sk, *zg > *škj, *žgj before front vowels.
*sk, *zg > *škj, *žgj before front vowels.
Some Germanic words borrowed during this time were also affected by the palatalization. Despite started in the VIII century this process has not finished yet in the North-Western dialect, where words both with and without the palatalization appeared.
Some Germanic words borrowed during this time were also affected by the palatalization. Despite started in the VIII century this process has not finished yet in the North-Western dialect, where words both with and without the palatalization appeared.


At first the nasalization happened only with long vowels approximately in XIIth - XIIIth centuries, after which Old pomorian started developing into Middle Pomorian.
At first the nasalization happened only with long vowels approximately in XIIth - XIIIth centuries, after which Old Pomorian started developing into Middle Pomorian.


===To Middle Pomorian===
===To Middle Pomorian===
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