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'''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''An Bhadhagha'' /a bʰadʰagʰa/, or colloquially just ''Bhadhagha'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] closely related to [[Tíogall]]. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic and Irish.
 
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ
|pronunciation=
|region = Skella, in Talma
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Tigolic
|iso3=
|script=Talmic script
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels.
 
It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*''Lanna de srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r
*'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
*''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Based on "literally read Irish".
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/
|-
*'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal
*'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
|-
*'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
!rowspan="3"|Nasal
*'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
!<small>plain</small>
*'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/
| '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || ||
*bl /px/ etc.
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
|  || '''nn''' nː || || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''mh''' mʰ || || || ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''c''' k ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ch''' kʰ ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''g''' g ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''gh''' gʱ ||
|-
!<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Fricative
!<small>plain</small>
| '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || '''h''' h
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''fh''' fʰ || '''sh''' sʰ || || ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bhf''' bʰf || '''dhs''' dʰs || || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"| Liquid
!<small>plain</small>
| || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || ||
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
| || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || ||
|}
 
Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. In colloquial Bhadhagha all possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
 
Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''dhs-''.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ì''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''è''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ò''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''à''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs are all read as written.
'''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-E for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s'').
<!--
casual bhadhagha  could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
h-eafhad = the cat
an h-eafhad = THE cat
an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
-->
Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri h-Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain h-Aodhàn''.
Prepositions inflect the same way as in Tíogall. ''ri'' however uses the inflected forms of ''le'' (to): my = ''ri lion'', your = ''ri leis'', ... Casual Bhadhagha developed a new inflectional paradigm for ''ri'': ''rìon, rìs, riù, rì, rioc, rìom, rìod, rìoc, rìor''.
===Copula===
Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects regularly in the present tense (but the past tense is ''g'laidh'' even in casual Bhadhagha). Nominal or adjectival predicates after the copula have to be preceded by ''de'' (in): ''Lanna de dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher, as in Welsh: Dw i ''yn'' athro), ''Lù d'ìon'' (It's blue), though that is disappearing in casual Bhadhagha (where they just say ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' and ''Lù ìon'')
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: ''Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach'' (The teacher is sleeping).
===Verbs===
The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from Tíogall, and much closer to [[Äivö]].
For one thing, Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
<poem>
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
</poem>
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...", which also survives in Äivö. Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Tíogall future tense:
<poem>
moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar
</poem>
The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha (more so than in Tíogall). One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-il'' and ''-ta/-te''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
Bhadhagha is not split-ergative, unlike Tíogall.
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
==Syntax==
Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order.
The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos hù (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn hù  (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
Bhadhagha uses native or Camalic words where Tíogall uses Netagin words; for example the word for school is ''suar-dùbhach'' 'house of learning' in Bhadhagha and ''tarsúdh'' in Tíogall. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat), where Tíogall has ''zár'' from Netagin.
==Future Bhadhagha==
The dominant Talmic language in postmodern Clotricin, known as ''an Bhadhagha shearn'', is derived from the Uithfeasaimh dialect of Bhadhagha. It has a simplified vowel system (fewer diphthongs) and a palatalization distinction in some consonants. (But it shouldn't be Irish gibby!) It also has a lot of loanwords from [Future Xaetjeon].
==Example texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
[to be edited]
'''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Ud'''''
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 02:02, 11 August 2022

Pages with the prefix 'Vornian' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:
Vornian
a joaþ Voainjŵ
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigolic
        • Vornian
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Vornian (a joaþ Voainjŵ /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: Vornib) is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of Scella, closely related to Scellan. It is notable for its many vowels.

It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.

Todo

Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r

Phonology

Consonants

  • m n ṇ ñ /m n ɳ ŋ/
  • b d ḍ g /p t̪ ʈ k/
  • p t ʈ c /pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
  • f þ s x ṣ ll /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
  • v ð z zj ẓ l /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
  • ł r j /w ɾ j/
  • bl /px/ etc.

Vowels

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