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'''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''An Bhadhagha'' /a bʰadʰagʰa/, or colloquially just ''Bhadhagha''; ''bhadhagha'' is from a Camalic language) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] spoken on Bhadhagha Island. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit.


Bhadhagha grammar was created by [[User:Praimhín]].
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ
|pronunciation=
|region = Skella, in Talma
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Tigolic
|iso3=
|script=Talmic script
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels.
 
It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.
 
==Todo==
==Todo==
*Praimhín = Bhadhagha name
Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r
*''sphùrta'' = curiosity
*''Sthàna'' = Sie
*''Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
*'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
*''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
*''dèic'' (VN), ''deàmha'' (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat
*''Shos h-aonca tua hù?'' = Who fed the man? ''Shos h-aoncù tua?'' = Whom did the man feed?
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Based on "literally read Irish".
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/
|-
*'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal
*'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
|-
*'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
!rowspan="3"|Nasal
*'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
!<small>plain</small>
*'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/
| '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || ||
*bl /px/ etc.
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
|  || '''nn''' nː || || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''mh''' mʱ || '''nh''' nʱ || || ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''c''' k ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ch''' kʰ ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''g''' g ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''gh''' gʱ ||
|-
!<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Fricative
!<small>plain</small>
| '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || '''h''' h
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''fh''' fʰ || '''sh''' sʰ || || ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''mhf''' mʱf || '''nhs''' nʱs || || ||
|-
!rowspan="3"| Liquid
!<small>plain</small>
| || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || ||
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
| || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| || '''lh''' lʱ || '''rh''' r̠ʱ || ||
|}
====Mutations====
Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
 
Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''nhs-''.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ì''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''è''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ò''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''à''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs are all read as written.
'''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
The plural of nouns is always ''-a'' if the noun ends in a C, or ''-n'' if the noun ends in a V.
Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-N for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s'').
<!--
casual bhadhagha  could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
h-eafhad = the cat
an h-eafhad = THE cat
an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
-->
The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri h-Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain h-Aodhàn''.
Prepositions inflect the same way as in Tíogall; however, 'we' forms tend to use ''-mh'' and 'it' forms tend to use ''-è''. ''ri'' uses the inflected forms of ''le'' (to): my = ''ri lion'', your = ''ri leis'', ... Casual Bhadhagha developed a new inflectional paradigm for ''ri'': ''rìon, rìs, riù, rì, rè, rìomh, rìoc, rìor, rìom''.
===Adjectives===
Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns.
Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is ''eafhad flumh'' and "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlumh''.
===Copula===
Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows:
Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Future tense: ''lathanna, lathair, ...''
Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue)
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: ''Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach'' (The teacher is sleeping).
===Verbs===
The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from Tíogall, and much closer to [[Äivö]].
For one thing, Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
<poem>
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)"
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
</poem>
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...", which also survives in Äivö. Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Tíogall future tense:
<poem>
moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh
</poem>
The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha (more so than in Tíogall). One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-ta/-te'' or ''-st''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
Bhadhagha is not split-ergative, unlike Tíogall.
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
Verbs are negated with ''cha'' or ''chan'' which is borrowed from Camalic (whereas Tíogall uses ''ní''-L). In the past tense, ''cha do''-L is used.
==Syntax==
Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ, unlike Tíogall.
The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù am dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am hù (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù am shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am hù  (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
===Relative clauses===
Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun ''mi'' is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause.
Dhùbhòinn ri mhola am shos (mi) - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES)
Dhùbhòinn ri mholam am shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man)
Shois ri h-aoncam am hàr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them)
Shois ri h-aoncar am mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES)
===Constituent order===
The "faulty accusative" particle is ''am'', which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns.
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
The complementizer is ''bhà''; complement clauses usually are VSO and have no topic.
:'''''Lion càid bhà dheàmha shaobh ri Sthàna am shmodh.'''''
:''I know that your dog ate the bone.''
==Vocabulary==
Bhadhagha uses native or Camalic words where Tíogall uses Netagin words; for example the word for school is ''suar-dùbhach'' 'house of learning' in Bhadhagha and ''tarsúdh'' in Tíogall. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat), where Tíogall has ''zár'' from Netagin.
==Future Bhadhagha==
The dominant Talmic language in postmodern Smaoch, known as ''an Bhadhagha shearn'', is derived from the Uithfeasaimh dialect of Bhadhagha. It has a simplified vowel system (fewer diphthongs) and a palatalization distinction in some consonants. (But it shouldn't be Irish gibby!) It also has a lot of loanwords from [Future Xaetjeon].
==Example texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
[to be edited]
'''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Unn'''''
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 02:02, 11 August 2022

Pages with the prefix 'Vornian' in the and 'Talk' namespaces:

Talk:
Vornian
a joaþ Voainjŵ
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Tigolic
        • Vornian
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Vornian (a joaþ Voainjŵ /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: Vornib) is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of Scella, closely related to Scellan. It is notable for its many vowels.

It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.

Todo

Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r

Phonology

Consonants

  • m n ṇ ñ /m n ɳ ŋ/
  • b d ḍ g /p t̪ ʈ k/
  • p t ʈ c /pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
  • f þ s x ṣ ll /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
  • v ð z zj ẓ l /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
  • ł r j /w ɾ j/
  • bl /px/ etc.

Vowels

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