Appendix:Maryan Coptic verbs

Infinitive forms

Each verb has an infinitive marked with "ⲉ̀-", also having a negative infinitive marked with "ⲉ̀ϣⲧⲉⲙ-".

• Infinitive: ⲉ̀ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (èsōtem, "To hear")
• Negative Infinitive: ⲉ̀ϣⲧⲉⲙⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (èštemsōtem, "To not hear")

Imperative forms

Most verbs use one of their predetermined states, based on context, as their imperative form. Some verbs have a unique imperative form, ranging from an added prefix to a separate word entirely.

• Imperative:
  • ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (sōtem, "Hear") (base absolute state)
  • ⲁⲛⲁⲩ (anau, "See, Look") (from ⲁ- (a-) + ⲛⲁⲩ (nau))
  • ⲙⲁⲫⲓ (mapʰi, "Kiss") (from ⲙⲁ- (ma-) + ⲫⲓ (pʰi))
  • ⲙⲟⲓ (moi, "Give") (irregular imperative form of ϯ (ti))
• Negative imperative: ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲣⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (empersōtem, "Do not hear")

Pronouns

Maryan Coptic has 8 personal pronouns:

ⲁⲛⲟⲕ (I), ⲁⲛⲟⲛ (we)

ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ (you m.), ⲛ̀ⲑⲟ (you f.), ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ (you pl.)

ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥ (he, it m.), ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲥ (she, it f.), ⲛ̀ⲑⲱⲩ (they)

Pronouns are used mainly found in verbless sentences (ⲁⲛⲟⲕ ⲩⲥⲃⲩⲓ "I am a student" and are commonly dropped in verbful sentences (ⲁⲛⲟⲛ ⲧⲉⲛⲉϣ ⲛⲉϫⲱⲙ, "We are reading the books", would be more commonly written as ⲧⲉⲛⲉϣ ⲛⲉϫⲱⲙ).

Durative sentences

Durative sentences are sentences that continue over a period of time.

Present:

• Simple Present: ϯⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (tisōtem, "I hear, I am hearing")
• Circumstantial: ⲉⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (eisōtem, "Me hearing")
• Preterite: ⲛⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (naisōtem, "I have heard")
• Relative: ⲉϯⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (etisōtem, "That/who/which I am hearing")

Future:

• Simple Future: ϯⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (tinasōtem, "I will hear")
• Circumstantial: ⲉⲓⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (einasōtem, "Me about to hear")
• Preterite: ⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (nainasōtem, "I would hear")
• Conditional: ⲉⲛⲁⲓⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (enainasōtem, "I would have heard")
• Relative: ⲉϯⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (etinasōtem, "That/who/which I will hear")

Non-durative sentences

Non-durative sentences are sentences that have a specific ending.

Past:

• Affirmative Past: ⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (aisōtem, "I heard")
• Negative Past: ⲉⲙⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (aisōtem, "I did not hear")
• Affirmative Preterite: ⲛⲉⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (neaisōtem, "I had heard")
• Negative Preterite: ⲛⲉⲙⲡⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (nempisōtem, "I had not heard")
• Circumstantial: ⲉⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (eaisōtem, "Me having heard")
• Relative: ⲉⲧⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (etaisōtem, "That/who/which I heard")

Aorist:

• Affirmative Perfect: ϣⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (šaisōtem, "I usually hear")
• Negative Perfect: ⲉⲙⲡⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (empaisōtem, "I do not usually hear")
• Affirmative Preterite: ⲛⲉϣⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (nešaisōtem, "I used to hear")
• Negative Preterite: ⲛⲉⲙⲡⲁⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (nempaisōtem, "I did not use to hear")

Optative:

• Affirmative Optatlve: ⲉⲓⲉⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (eiesōtem, "I wish/want to hear")
• Affirmative Optatlve: ⲉⲛⲛⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (ennasōtem, "I do not wish/want to hear")

Jussive/Causative:

• Jussive: ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (marisōtem, "Let me hear")
• Affirmative Causative: ⲑⲣⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (tʰrisōtem, "Make me hear")
• Negative Causative: ⲉⲙⲡⲉⲛⲑⲣⲓⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (empentʰrisōtem, "Do not make me hear")

Subordinate Clause

Conditional:

• Affirmative Conditional: ⲁⲓϣⲁⲛⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (aišansōtem, "If I hear/When I hear")
• Negative Conditional: ⲁⲓϣⲧⲉⲙⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (aištemsōtem, "If I do not hear")

Conjunctive/Subjunctive:

• Affirmative Conjunctive/Subjunctive: ⲉⲛⲧⲁⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (entasōtem, "So I hear/I must hear")
• Negative Conjunctive/Subjunctive: ⲉⲛⲧⲁϣⲧⲉⲙⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (entaštemsōtem, "So I do not hear/I must not hear")

Limitative, Expectative:

• Limitative: ϣⲁϯⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (šatisōtem, "Until I hear")
• Expectative: ⲉⲙⲡⲁϯⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (empatisōtem, "I have not heard yet/Before I hear")