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Revision as of 18:32, 12 February 2018
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== Expressing time in Chlouvānem == | == Expressing time in Chlouvānem == | ||
Time expressions in Chlouvānem are categorized as either '''continuous time''' (''flunavyāṣa'') or '''punctual time''' (''tatimvyāṣa''); continuous expressions are expressed with accusative or translative case, while punctual time with either locative or ablative plus particles. | Time expressions in Chlouvānem are categorized as either '''continuous time''' (''flunavyāṣa'') or '''punctual time''' (''tatimvyāṣa''); continuous expressions are expressed with essive, accusative or translative case, while punctual time with either locative or ablative plus particles. | ||
Continuous time is expressed with accusative singular in most cases, as there usually is a cardinal number, e.g. ''šulkmāmei tetacunīyu yųlauça'' — I ate for sixty (50<sub>12</sub>) tetacuneyai. The main exception is where there's no specific time quantity, e.g. ''garaṇānu yųlaute'' — I ate for hours. | Continuous time is expressed with accusative singular in most cases, as there usually is a cardinal number, e.g. ''šulkmāmei tetacunīyu yųlauça'' — I ate for sixty (50<sub>12</sub>) tetacuneyai. The main exception is where there's no specific time quantity, e.g. ''garaṇānu yųlaute'' — I ate for hours. | ||
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* solar and lunar months — ''māltapārṇāvye'', ''tāriāṣṭrye'' | * solar and lunar months — ''māltapārṇāvye'', ''tāriāṣṭrye'' | ||
* lānimpeʔilai — ''chlærlīltāvye / līleñchlæriāvye'' | * lānimpeʔilai — ''chlærlīltāvye / līleñchlæriāvye'' | ||
* days — ''9-e brausāseni'' (on the 9th of Brausāsena) | * days — ''9-e brausāseni'' (on the 9th of Brausāsena), ''lalla šurāje'' "coming/next Šurājah" | ||
* festivities <small>(see [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]] for a list of them)</small> — ''bhaivyāvāṣare'' (during Bhaivyāvāṣara) | * festivities <small>(see [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]] for a list of them)</small> — ''bhaivyāvāṣare'' (during Bhaivyāvāṣara) | ||
* hours — ''3-e | * hours — ''bhraṃšāyi 3-e'' (at 3 in the afternoon) | ||
* seasons — ''enaukaṃrye'' (in summer) | * seasons — ''enaukaṃrye'' (in summer) | ||
Seasons are a partial exception, because if the meaning is "throughout the season", then the accusative is used, e.g. ''enaukamu'' throughout the summer", "all summer long". | Seasons are a partial exception, because if the meaning is "throughout the season", then the accusative is used, e.g. ''enaukamu'' throughout the summer", "all summer long". | ||
More time expressions formed with particles: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Particle !! Case !! Meaning !! Example | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | flut !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| ago || '''nęltių heirų flut''' four years ago | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Essive</small> | |||
| for/since || '''nęltią heiręs flut''' for four years | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | natte !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| in ... time || '''nęltių heirų natte''' in four years, four years from now | |||
|- | |||
! <small>Translative</small> | |||
| for (a future time), until || '''nęltin heiran natte''' for the coming four years, until four years from now | |||
|- | |||
! ānat !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| after || '''nęltių heirų ānat''' after four years | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | šut !! <small>Ablative</small> | |||
| before || '''nęltių heirų šut''' four years before | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | nīsь !! <small>Essive (both nouns)</small> | |||
| between; from ... until || '''šurājęs nyūramięs nīsь''' between Šurājah and Nyūramiah | |||
|} | |||
=== Adverbs of time === | Qualifying verbs or adverbs usually used with time expressions: | ||
* ''lalla'' "coming, next" | |||
** ''pimfliven'' (verb ''pimflulke'') "coming, next" (rare) | |||
* ''biselīsa'' (verb ''bisflulke'') "past, last, previous" | |||
* ''yaiva'' "every" | |||
** Formal usage prescribes ''yaiva'' to be inflected with the needed case, but in practice this is rarely done, so that e.g. ''yaive šurāje'' and ''yaiva šurāje'' "every Šurājah" are interchangeable. | |||
* <small>TIME</small> + <small>ADVERBIAL NUM.</small> "once/twice/thrice per month/day...", e.g. ''āsene danihæl'' "twice a month"<ref>Note that ''āsena'' alone always refers to the solar month. Chlouvānem people rarely use lunar months as reference points, only lunar phases.</ref> | |||
===Adverbs of time=== | |||
* '''ṣubhāveṣi''' "soon" (formal) | * '''ṣubhāveṣi''' "soon" (formal) | ||
* '''halše''' "soon" (more colloquial) | * '''halše''' "soon" (more colloquial) | ||