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Qualdomelic: Difference between revisions
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For the internal saṃdhi softening mutation Cʰ-V → CːV, a good example is the word ''năaqappartut'' "republic", composed of ''nă-aqapʰ-artut'' (literally "large decision organization"). | For the internal saṃdhi softening mutation Cʰ-V → CːV, a good example is the word ''năaqappartut'' "republic", composed of ''nă-aqapʰ-artut'' (literally "large decision organization"). | ||
==Morphology== | |||
===Noun classes=== | <!-- ===Noun classes=== | ||
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | ||
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! 3rd (masc. & fem.) | ! 3rd (masc. & fem.) | ||
| rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ～ralinngit | | rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ～ralinngit | ||
|} --> | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
Modern Qualdomelic has a duodecimal number system because of [[Chlouvānem]] influence, which completely replaced the earlier, decimal one: only the roots from 1 to Ɛ, optionally 10<sub>12</sub>, and the old number 100<sub>10</sub> (''qọlbră'' which nowadays is not a numeral anymore, but simply a noun meaning "a lot of", "a large quantity") survive. However, most numerals are hybrids of native roots (for the units) and Chlouvānem ones (for the dozens and other powers of 12). | |||
As for types of numerals distinguished, Qualdomelic has cardinals, ordinals (analytic from Ɛ on; they double as fractionaries, with only ½ having a separate root), and distributives (analytic, formed by reduplication). Numbers from 1 to 5 also have adverbial numerals (once, twice, three times...). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Digit<sub>12</sub> !! <small>Base 10</small> !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Distributive !! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 0 | |||
| 0 || '''axar''' || <small>''(săga axar)''</small> || <small>''(axar axar)''</small> || — | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| 1 || '''sọr''' || samăt || sọssọr || saruman | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| 2 || '''nad'''|| năjen || nannad || nămman | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| 3 || '''călẹt''' || călẹtupsi || călẹcălẹt || călẹmman | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| 4 || '''iwhăs''' || iwhățupsi || iwhăssăs || iwhățan | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| 5 || '''but''' || burupsi || but but || burnan | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| 6 || '''tọja''' || tojcupsi || tọja tọja || rowspan=10 | — | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| 7 || '''seț''' || sițecupsi || seț seț | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| 8 || '''naz''' <small>-eⁿ</small> || nazenupsi || naze nnaz | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| 9 || '''kow''' || kubrupsi || kow kow | |||
|- | |||
! ᘔ | |||
| 10 || '''urăn''' <small>ʰ</small> || urănupsi || urăn urăn | |||
|- | |||
! Ɛ | |||
| 11 || '''urănțọr'''<br/><small>(''vẹngdeng'')</small> || săga urănțọr || urănțọr urănțọr | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| 12 || '''mamej'''<br/><small>(''urănad'')</small> || săga mamej || mamej mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| 13 || '''sọr-u-mamej''' || săga sọr-u-mamej || sọssọr-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 12 | |||
| 14 || '''nad-u-mamej''' || săga nad-u-mamej || nannad-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 13 | |||
| 15 || '''călẹt-u-mamej''' || săga călẹt-u-mamej || călẹcălẹt-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=6 | ... | |||
|- | |||
! 1Ɛ | |||
| 23 || '''urănțọr-u-mamej''' || săga urănțọr-u-mamej || urănțọr urănțọr-u-mamej || rowspan=2 | — | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| 24 || '''naxamamej''' || săga naxamamej || naxamamej naxamamej | |||
|} | |} | ||
The roots ''axar'' (< ''ajrā''), ''vẹngdeng'' (< ''vælden''), and ''mamej'' (< ''māmei'') in the table above are of clear Chlouvānem origin. The forms ''urănțọr'' and ''mamej'' are preferred to ''vẹngdeng'' and ''urănad'', but the latter two can still be found sometimes. | |||
The other dozens are: | |||
: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> călẹțemamej | |||
: '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> iwhăšamamej | |||
: '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> buțemamej | |||
: '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> tọjoămamej | |||
: '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> sețengmamej | |||
: '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> nazengmamej | |||
: '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> kọwhamamej | |||
: '''ᘔ0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> urăngmamej | |||
: '''Ɛ0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> vẹngdemamej | |||
: and '''100''' <small>(144<sub>10</sub>)</small> nichẹng. | |||
Further numbers are simple juxtapositions, written as separate words, e.g. 101<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng sọr'', 179<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng kow-u-sețengmamej'', 200<sub>12</sub> ''nad nichẹng'', 8ᘔ5 ''naze nnichẹng but-u-urăngmamej'', etc.<br/> | |||
Higher numbers still follow the Chlouvānem system: 1.000<sub>12</sub> is ''tingda''; 1.00.000<sub>12</sub> is a ''rajț''; 1.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''ngangărajț''; 1.00.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''tăjskawț'' (or simply ''nichẹng ngangărajț''), and 1.00.00.00.00.000 a ''ngangtăjskawț'' (or ''mamej nichẹng ngangărajț''). | |||
==Syntax== | <!--==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb: | The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb: | ||