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→Surnames (leliēmihalenī)
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== Surnames (leliēmihalenī) == | == Surnames (leliēmihalenī) == | ||
The surname or ''leliēmihaloe'' (from ''leliēmita'' "family", and ''haloe'' "name") is of newer formation when compared to the matronymic, especially in rural areas. Chlouvānem people have a huge number of surnames, and there are different possible origins | The surname or ''leliēmihaloe'' (from ''leliēmita'' "family", and ''haloe'' "name") is of newer formation when compared to the matronymic, especially in rural areas. Chlouvānem people have a huge number of surnames, and there are different possible origins. The commonly accepted proportion of Chlouvānem surnames is that about 50% of them are matronymical; 30% are toponymic; 10% are occupational; 6% are cognominal, and the rest are either clan names from other civilizations or of unknown origin (most probably either clan or given names from Chlouvānemized peoples). | ||
* | ===Surnames derived from a given name=== | ||
* | Chlouvānem surnames derived from a given name are almost invariably matronymical. They may be formed with the following suffixes (mostly listed in order of commonness); note that the root name may also be (and often is) currently unused, regional (i.e. from a non-Chlouvānem language), vernacular (i.e. from a Chlouvānem-descended language), or even the diminutive of a given name: | ||
* | * '''-(y)æša''' (♂<small>MAR</small> ''-(y)ærās'', ♂<small>UNM</small> ''-(y)æmīs'') and '''-(y)æha''' (♂<small>MAR</small> ''-(y)ąrās'', ♂<small>UNM</small> ''-(y)ąmīs''): among the most common surname-forming suffixes. Examples include ''Lænkæša'', ''Chilmukæha'', ''Daleyæša'', ''Lūmāvæha'', ''Nīmulyæša'', ''Nilāmyæša'', ''Tainæha'', ''Hilviyæša''. | ||
* '''-nāri''' and '''-nārų''' (invariable): originally the genitive and the ablative of the otherwise obsolete collective suffix ''-nāras'' - therefore meaning respectively "of the descent of..." and "from the descent of...". Also extremely common, e.g. ''Taupanāri'', ''Hānyunāri'', ''Dēleninārų'', ''Håneināri'', ''Namihūnāri'', ''Nājalanāri'', ''Šulaghṇārų''. | |||
* '''-i''' or '''-ī''' or '''-ei''' (invariable): simply the genitive form of a noun; e.g. ''Lairī'', ''Lārti'', ''Hånei'', ''Dalaigani'', ''Mæmihūmei''. They are often not even declined. | |||
* '''-(i)bayeh''' (♂<small>MAR</small> ''-(i)bairās'', ♂<small>UNM</small> ''-(i)bemīs'') — e.g. ''Naišibayeh'', ''Bandimbayeh'', ''Šulamibayeh'', ''Laukimbayeh'', ''Nainibayeh''. | |||
* '''-haidī''' (invariable): originally the genitive of a compound form with name + ''haidā'' ("clan"); especially from the Eastern Plain, but now spread nationwide, e.g. ''Mirayuhaidī'', ''Darvaṃhaidī'', ''Fārjahaidī'', ''Dānehaidī'', ''Buyāṃhaidī''. | |||
* '''-ga''' (invariable): a suffixed form of the appositive particle (that formerly also had a genitive meaning): e.g. ''Chališirelga'', ''Dānega'', ''Jādāga'', ''Lārtaga''. | |||
*'''-(i)taisa''' (♂<small>MAR</small> ''-(i)tairās'', ♂<small>UNM</small> ''-(i)tamīs'') — e.g. ''Hūmeitaisa'', ''Kælьtaisa'', ''Læšitaisa'', ''Hālitaisa''. | |||
===Occupational surnames=== | |||
Occupational surnames, being originally more informal than matronymic-derived ones, often trace their origins to non-Chlouvānem local languages. Most commonly they end in '''-i''' or '''-ga''' (or are prefixed with '''ga-''') if they refer to a workplace, in ''-a'' otherwise. Examples include: | |||
* ''Bhiti'', ''Vaihati'', ''Vihalga'', ''Vīyati'', ''Bīyati'', ''Gavīta'', ''Gabīhata'', ''Bīyā'' — all ultimately from the Chlouvānem root ''vīhatam'' (farm). | |||
* ''Andūra'', ''Ndā'', ''Ndarī'', ''Andīra'', ''Gāndārīn'' — from ''andṛ-'' (to build) or ''andarīn'' (builder) | |||
* ''Jarin'', ''Yarei'', ''Jariga'', ''Yarga'' (← ''yaryīn'' (brewer)); ''Lālta'', ''Lānda'', ''Lālga'' (← ''lālta'' (guardian)); ''Murdhāga'', ''Dhāna'' (← ''Murkadhāna'' (inquisitor)). | |||
Some occupational surnames are derived from tools or materials, either in direct case - e.g. ''Kumis'' (bamboo), ''Ṣāṭas'' (sword) - or from the genitive - e.g. ''Ṣāṭi'', ''Dhābrami'' (← ''dhābram'' (hammer)). | |||
In some cases, occupational surnames have been later extended with marriage-variable suffixes, so that forms such as ''Bhityæša'' or ''Ṣāṭibayeh'' may be found. | |||
===Toponymic surnames=== | |||
Toponymic surnames are mostly derived from small places and usually end either in '''-i''' (the genitive form) or '''-(ь)ai''', rarely with '''-ųu'''. Examples include, from common nouns, ''Jāṇyai'', ''Jāṇųu'', ''Amašai'', ''Hali'', ''Paɂītiai''; from proper nouns, ''Kahašai'', ''Pārindāliai'', ''Nurfalini'', ''Kārṣamūli''. | |||
===Other surnames=== | |||
Other surnames include cognominal ones (''Māhāmanta'' "long nose", ''Tilьpāram'' (← ''taili pārās'' "much hair")), Toyubeshian clan names - especially common among people from the East (e.g. ''Yatakoma'', ''Līkāntām'', ''Futahira'', ''Tandalara'', ''Kašiyota'', ''Yotamyutsu''), and other surnames whose origin is disputed, probably from former given names of other areas, especially from the South (e.g. ''Nāɂahilūma'', ''Ñahanimeh'', ''Hunipaira'', ''Lameihadьleh''). | |||
As with all other types of surnames, they also may have marriage-variable suffixes added, as e.g. in ''Līkāntāmæha'' or ''Futahiræša''. | |||
===Variable and invariable surnames=== | ===Variable and invariable surnames=== | ||