Nankôre: Difference between revisions

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Nankôre (view source)

Revision as of 02:12, 19 February 2018

1,729 bytes removed ,  19 February 2018
Merged the two paradigms and corrected the location of the "-kor" evidential
(Created subsection to explain the Inverse and Irrealis markers)
(Merged the two paradigms and corrected the location of the "-kor" evidential)
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=====Converbs=====
=====Positional, Motion, and Coverbs=====


Converbs are a class of auxiliary verbs that modify the main verb by adding motion, positional, or adverbial information.  As Nankôre lacks adpositions, converbs assume the functions normally associated with adpositions.  They precede the main verb aspect and other clitics, including the Inverse marker, attach to the converb instead.  The majority of converbs were at one time stand-alone verbs; many now cannot occur independently and require a verbal argument.  Nevertheless a few converbs can occur as stand-alone verbs, such as the Commitative ''tayam'' (to sit beside someone).
The Positional/Motion verbs usually appear at the beginning of the VP.  They appear in two forms, an independent form, and a shortened form, called a coverb.  Coverbs serve to provide additional syntactic information to the following verb, usually the main verb itself.  Clitics that otherwise attach to the main verb, such as the Inverse marker and and aspect markers, move to and attach to the first occurring coverb of the VP.  Morphophonemic alternations may take place when the Inverse marker ''ta='' cliticizes to the coverb, such as in the Subessive ''cor-''.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
! !! Converb !!  Inverse Marker + Converb!!  Meaning
|-
! style=""| Dative/Allative
| san
| tasan
| to, towards
|-
! style=""| Benefactive
| nas
| tanas
| for
|-
! style=""| Commitative
| yam
| tayam, teym, tem
| with, along; to sit beside
|-
! style=""| Instrumental
| mak
| tamak
| by means of; to use
|-
! style=""| Ablative
| ris
| tarsh
| from
|-
! style=""| Locative
| ne
| tan
| in, within
|-
! style=""| Vialis
| nak
| tanak, tank
| through
|-
 
! style=""| Prolative
| rosh
| torsh
| across; to cross over
|-
! style=""| Elative
| nakri
| takri
| out of; to exit
|-
! style=""| Illative
| nak
| tanak
| into; to enter
|-
! style=""| Superessive
| or
| tor
| above
|-
! style=""| Subessive
| yor
| chor (Shapshira dialect: "toyor-")
| below
|-
! style=""| Ablative-Superessive
| suk
| tushk-, toshk
| from above
|-
! style=""| Ablative-Subessive
| roy
| toroy
| from below
|-
<!--
! style=""| Perlative
| tek
| tatek
| across
|-
-->
! style=""| Riverine
| tem, ten
| tatem, taten
| along a river
|-
! style=""| Montaigne
| yayk
| teyk
| upwards on a mountain
|}


<!--
<!--
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|+ style="font-weight:bold"| Motion and Positional Verbs
|+ style="font-weight:bold"| Motion and Positional Verbs
|-
|-
!  !! Independent !! Dependent !! Dependent + Inverse !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment
!  !! Independent !! Dependent/Coverb !! Dependent/Coverb + Inverse !! Sample Sentence !! Translation !! Comment
|-
|-
! Directional  
! Directional  
| sanha || san || tasan || Anut America sanha-kor kamuk itá. || Anut supposedly flew to America. ||  ''-kor'' = HEARSAY.EVID, attaches to the first verb of a VP.
| sanha || san || tasan || Anut America sanha kamuk-kor itá. || Anut supposedly flew to America. ||  ''-kor'' = HEARSAY.EVID, is suffixed to the main verb.
|-
|-
! Benefactive
! Benefactive
| nasko|| nas || tanas || Nanhoska karen tā-nasko-ro-kor eyna itá.  || It is said the (sacred) tree gave (life) for the people.|| Note also the inverse marker ''tā-'' <br/>''-ro-'' = IMPF.   
| nasko|| nas || tanas || Nanhoska karen tā-nas-ro eyna-kor itá.  || It is said the (sacred) tree gave (life) for the people.|| Note also the inverse marker ''tā-'' <br/>''-ro-'' = IMPF.   
|-
|-
! Commitative  
! Commitative  
| yampe || yam || tam || Anut yampe-kor temen itá  || Anut walked beside the river with him.|| ''temen'' = to perform an activity by a river
| yampe || yam || tam || Anut yam temen-kor itá  || Anut walked beside the river with him.|| ''temen'' = to perform an activity by a river
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| makôr ||  mak || tamak || Ehok yurasna makôr-nahoyra-kor neat itá. || The adolescent struck (it) repeatedly with a club.|| ''-nahoyra-'' = Repetitive <br/> ''neat'', ''ne'at'' = INTENTIVE
| makôr ||  mak || tamak || Ehok mak-nahoyra yurasna-neat-kor itá. || The adolescent struck (it) repeatedly with a club.|| ''-nahoyra-'' = Repetitive <br/> ''neat'', ''ne'at'' = INTENTIVE
|-
|-
! Ablative  
! Ablative  
| risa || ris || tars || Shôni Nan Kamun Koryash risa-kor man itá || First Man emerged from (out of) the snow.  || ''Shôni Nan'' "First Man" <br/>''Kamun Koryash'' "All Snow" (the birthplace of First Man)  
| risa || ris || tars || Shôni Nan Kamun Koryash ris man-kor itá || First Man emerged from (out of) the snow.  || ''Shôni Nan'' "First Man" <br/>''Kamun Koryash'' "All Snow" (the birthplace of First Man)  
|-
|-
! Locative  
! Locative  
| neyhi || ne || tan || Yonka asrok tāh-neyhi-kor akun ho itá. || The fly buzzed inside Yonka('s mouth) this morning.|| Note inverse marker ''-tāh''  <br/> ''asrok'' = fly, insect <br/> ''ho'' = earlier this morning.
| neyhi || ne || tan || Yonka asrok tā-ne akun-kor ho itá. || The fly buzzed inside Yonka('s mouth) this morning.|| Note inverse marker ''-tāh''  <br/> ''asrok'' = fly, insect <br/> ''ho'' = earlier this morning.
|-
|-
! Vialis  
! Vialis  
| nahke || nak, nahk || tanak, tanahk || Pohak tā-nahke-nui shokor-ken ka itá || I saw the river take you through the cave. || ''pohak'' = cave <br/>''shokor'' = to flow<br/>''-ken-'' = CAUS<br/> ''-nui-'' = VIS.EVID
| nahke || nak, nahk || tanak, tanahk || Ka pohak tā-nahke shokor-nui  itáh || I saw the river take you through the cave. || ''pohak'' = cave <br/>''shokor'' = to flow<br/> ''-nui-'' = VIS.EVID
|-
|-
! Prolative
! Prolative
| roskar || ros || taros|| Ak piri roshkar hô'itá'. || I crossed the street earlier this morning || ''piri'' = street, road, path
| roskar || ros || taros|| Ak piri roskar hô'itá'. || I crossed the street earlier this morning || ''piri'' = street, road, path
|-
|-
! Superessive  
! Superessive  
| oros || or || tor || Ayôhe arupenrô oros-kor yaunke hô'itá.|| The airplane flew over Ayôhe township earlier this morning.|| ''arupenrô'' = airplane <br/> ''yaunke'' = to fly
| oros || or || tor || Ayôhe arupenrô or yaunke-kor hô'itá.|| The airplane flew over Ayôhe township earlier this morning.|| ''arupenrô'' = airplane <br/> ''yaunke'' = to fly
|-
|-
! Subessive  
! Subessive  
| yorha || yor || toyor, cor || Ekurki saska yorha-ro-kor kahoro itá. || The turtle swam underneath the ice.|| ''ekurki'' = turtle <br/>''saska'' = ice<br/>kahoro = ''to swim''  
| yorha || yor || toyor, cor || Ekurki saska yor-ro kahoro-kor itá. || The turtle swam underneath the ice.|| ''ekurki'' = turtle <br/>''saska'' = ice<br/>kahoro = ''to swim''  
|-
|-
! Ablative-Superessive  
! Ablative-Superessive  
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|-  
|-  
! Riverine  
! Riverine  
| temen|| tem || tatem || No si-kurasno temen-kor rohnas itá.|| The girls supposedly were playing by the river.||
| temen|| tem || tatem || No si-kurasno tem rohnas-kor itá.|| The girls supposedly were playing by the river.||
|-  
|-  
! Montaigne  
! Montaigne  
| yayak|| yay || tay || Kahno chôri yayak chire itá || The boy went up the mountain.||
| yayak|| yay || tay || Kahno côri yay cire/ciri itá || The boy went up the mountain.||
|}
|}
These auxiliaries are often confused for adpositions, or relational nouns, but unlike adpositions and locative nouns, these auxiliaries are full-fledged verbs.  If inverse marking is required, the prefix ''tā/tāh'' is still prefixed to the auxiliary verb.  Likewise, aspect and modality markers are attached to the auxiliary, a process that occurs only with verbs in the language, never with nouns.  Moreover, these auxiliaries can stand alone as independent verbs, such as ''Kosmakis Anut yampe itá'' "Anut walked with Koshmak" (''yampe '' = to be arm-in-arm; c.f. ''yanup'' "elbow").


===== Aspect =====
===== Aspect =====
Anyar
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