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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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* '''najelai''' — maybe. Originally the archaic potential form of ''najalle'' (to happen). Requires a verb in the subjunctive mood. | * '''najelai''' — maybe. Originally the archaic potential form of ''najalle'' (to happen). Requires a verb in the subjunctive mood. | ||
* '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences; <small>see ''tora'' below</small>). Actually a different use of the adverb meaning "more" (comparative of ''taili'' "many, much"). | * '''nanū''' — also, too (only between sentences; <small>see ''tora'' below</small>). Actually a different use of the adverb meaning "more" (comparative of ''taili'' "many, much"). | ||
* '''ni''' — but | * '''ni''' — but | ||
* '''no''' — and (between nouns and denoting a complete listing; use ''lasь'' for incomplete listings). It follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except the first. It (and ''lasь'') can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mēlitu yąlute liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | * '''no''' — and (between nouns and denoting a complete listing; use ''lasь'' for incomplete listings). It follows the noun it refers to, and in listings with more than two nouns it follows every noun except the first. It (and ''lasь'') can also translate "and" between verbs, but ''sama'' is preferred between sentences, especially with different subjects (e.g. ''yąlute molute no'' "I eat and drink", either ''mēlitu yąlute kolecañu molute no'' or ''mēlitu yąlute sama kolecañu molute'' "I eat curry and drink kvas", but most often ''mēlitu yąlute sama liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde'' "I eat curry and my sister drinks kvas". Note that ''mēlitu yąlute liliā ñæltah kolecañu molegde no'' is still correct, but mostly found in literary or very formal language). | ||
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* '''væse''' — while, in the meantime. Requires a subjunctive mood verb or a noun in essive (or, depending on the meaning, exessive or translative) case. | * '''væse''' — while, in the meantime. Requires a subjunctive mood verb or a noun in essive (or, depending on the meaning, exessive or translative) case. | ||
===Accompanying particles (i.e. postpositions)=== | |||
* '''dam''' | Postpositions, known as "accompanying particles" (''ūtimāhai remīn'') in native Chlouvānem grammars, usually cannot stand alone (unlike "adverbial" particles) and require a particular noun case. | ||
* '''e''' | * '''dam''' — interrogative particle, put after the verb (e.g. ''dalьtah væl dam?'' "is it a fish?"). | ||
* '''e''' — like. Requires essive case with nouns (in formal speech; while bare essive most properly has the meaning "as X" instead of "like X", colloquially it is used both ways) and subjunctive mood with realis verbs (other moods are used for their meaning). | |||
* '''ga''' | * '''ga''' — adpositive particle, used to join nouns in noun phrases (usually titles; the only exceptions being honorifics), such as ''Līlasuṃghāṇa ga marta'' (Līlasuṃghāṇa city, or "city of Līlasuṃghāṇa") or ''Tāllahāria ga maita'' (Tāllahāria river). | ||
* '''gu(n) — ša''' — circumposition only used around verbs used to negate them, e.g. ''gu yuyųlsegde ša'' "(s)he doesn't want to eat"). Note that the ''ša'' element is omitted if the verb is attributive. | |||
* '''lā''' (arch. ''lapi'') — with (comitative); requires essive case (e.g. ''liliąa ñæltęs lā'' "with my sister"). Similarly, | |||
* '''gu(n) — ša''' | * '''mei''' and '''go''' — the Chlouvānem words for "yes" and "no" respectively; their use is however different from English, as they are used according to the polarity of the question: ''mei'' answers "yes" to affirmative questions and "no" to negative questions; ''go'' answers "no" to affirmative questions and "yes" to negative questions. | ||
* '''mūji''' — almost, more or less | |||
* '''lā''' (arch. ''lapi'') | * '''mæn''' — [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic|topic marker]]. Used for a topic which otherwise has no role in the sentence (often used inside larger conversations, e.g. ''lili mæn yulte kåmbe'' (mine/as for me (echoing a previous sentence), [it is] in the bright yellow backpack; OR: as for me, [I keep it] in...)). | ||
* '''nali''' — benefactive marker (used with a noun in direct case in a non-benefactive-trigger voice); in order to (with a subjunctive verb; note that the bare subjunctive already carries that meaning, but using ''nali'' gives a nuance of hope). | |||
* '''mei''' and '''go''' | * '''nānim''' — almost. Requires a noun in essive case or a verb in the semantically correct mood. | ||
* '''mūji''' | * '''natte''' — until. Requires a noun in translative case (or dative case for places, meaning "as far as")<ref>Compare ''ājvan natte'' "until dawn" and ''līlasuṃghāṇa kahērimaila ga keikom natte'' "as far as Līlasuṃghāṇa Kahērimaila Station".</ref> or a verb in the subjunctive. | ||
* '''mæn''' [[Chlouvānem#Use of the topic| | * '''pa''' — on, of, concerning, on the subject of. Requires a noun in the direct case or a subjunctive verb. | ||
* '''nali''' | * '''ras''' — antibenefactive marker (used with a noun in direct case in a non-antibenefactive-trigger voice); to avoid X (with a subjunctive verb). | ||
* '''nānim''' | |||
* '''pa''' | |||
* '''ras''' | |||
===Adverbial particles=== | |||
Adverbial particles (''khladaradhausirāhe remīn'') are distinguished from "accompanying particles" because they, like adverbs, can also stand alone. | |||
Adverbial particles are | * '''glidemæh''' — only, just (e.g. ''lārvājuṣom glidemæh lå'' "I'm only going to the temple") | ||
* '''glidemæh''' | * '''gudēya''' — anymore, no more | ||
* '''lenta''' | * '''laha''' — only, just (less common than ''glidemæh'') | ||
* '''maibu''' | * '''lenta''' — together (with). When used as a particle, it requires a noun in genitive case - e.g. ''lili buneyi lenta'' "I, together with my older sister". | ||
* '''udvī''' | * '''lǣh''' — already | ||
* '''maibu''' — enough. Requires a noun in genitive case or a verb in the indicative mood. | |||
* '''nāṭ''' — already | |||
* '''tælū''' — again | |||
* '''udvī''' — without; requires essive case (e.g. ''liliąa ñæltęs udvī'' "without my sister"). | |||
* '''vivāmi''' — too much. Requires a noun in genitive case or a verb in the indicative mood. | |||
==="Paired" particles=== | ==="Paired" particles=== | ||
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* '''dā''' gives the sentence, especially a command or a proposition, an informal tone - cf. German "mal" or Italian "un po'", e.g. ''najire tū mešute dā'' "I'll just see what happens"; ''peithos dā'' "just calm down and take a walk around here." | * '''dā''' gives the sentence, especially a command or a proposition, an informal tone - cf. German "mal" or Italian "un po'", e.g. ''najire tū mešute dā'' "I'll just see what happens"; ''peithos dā'' "just calm down and take a walk around here." | ||
* '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | * '''e''' is a basic declarative particle when used word-finally, and is often used as an introduction (much like "you know, ...") or as a generic filler. | ||
* '''eri''' means "even". It marks a positive emphasis and used with positive sentences (e.g. ''hūnakumi dældān eri dældire'' "(s)he even speaks Hūnakumi<ref>Language of an ethnic minority (but titular ethnicity) in the diocese of Hūnakañjātia.</ref>") | |||
* '''gāri''' means "not even", being the opposite of ''eri'', marking a negative emphasis in negative sentences (e.g. ''hulābdān chlǣvānumi dældān gāri gu dældire ša'' "(s)he doesn't even speak correct Chlouvānem") | |||
* '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | * '''nane''' is a tag question, e.g. ''camiyūs vali dam nane?'' "you're from Cami, aren't you?" | ||
* '''naihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. ''flære draute dam naihā?'' "did I do it yesterday, or...?" | * '''naihā''' is a tag question much like ''nane'', but is used when the speaker is in doubt and/or expects a contradictory answer, e.g. ''flære draute dam naihā?'' "did I do it yesterday, or...?" | ||