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Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions
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* "Discovery-era" words (''tatalunyavyāṣi maivai'') – words from the age of overseas discoveries<ref>It is not proper to speak of "colonization age" for the Chlouvānem; unlike the Western world, Chlouvānem countries (and mostly the Lūlunimarti Republic) had a very small overseas colonial presence, and mostly concentrated in some areas of western Ogúviutón. In other continents (and mostly eastern Védren, Fárásen, and Queáten only), Chlouvānem presence was basically limited to a few coastal trade stations.</ref>, that is, related to flora, fauna, and cultures of continents new to the Chlouvānem; many of them have become in common use due to crops being now cultivated on the Inquisition's territory. | * "Discovery-era" words (''tatalunyavyāṣi maivai'') – words from the age of overseas discoveries<ref>It is not proper to speak of "colonization age" for the Chlouvānem; unlike the Western world, Chlouvānem countries (and mostly the Lūlunimarti Republic) had a very small overseas colonial presence, and mostly concentrated in some areas of western Ogúviutón. In other continents (and mostly eastern Védren, Fárásen, and Queáten only), Chlouvānem presence was basically limited to a few coastal trade stations.</ref>, that is, related to flora, fauna, and cultures of continents new to the Chlouvānem; many of them have become in common use due to crops being now cultivated on the Inquisition's territory. | ||
** Western words (''kerultugi maivai'') – a subset of Discovery-era words, including those that have their origins in the more technologically advanced civilizations of Evandor, the Spocian cultural sphere of northern Védren, and the Nâdja- and Kenengyry-speaking world. This is overall a small group, but includes many modern international words and, among words of Kenengyry origin, quite a few slang terms because of the Kaiṣamā-era settlement of Kenengyry peoples (particularly Soenyubi and Kŭyŭgwažŭb) in the Inquisition and of Chlouvānem people in Kenengyry-speaking territories. | ** Western words (''kerultugi maivai'') – a subset of Discovery-era words, including those that have their origins in the more technologically advanced civilizations of Evandor, the Spocian cultural sphere of northern Védren, and the Nâdja- and Kenengyry-speaking world. This is overall a small group, but includes many modern international words and, among words of Kenengyry origin, quite a few slang terms because of the Kaiṣamā-era settlement of Kenengyry peoples (particularly Soenyubi and Kŭyŭgwažŭb) in the Inquisition and of Chlouvānem people in Kenengyry-speaking territories. | ||
=== | ===Honorific speech=== | ||
Politeness is lexically encoded in Chlouvānem through means of different honorific terms that are used depending on the listener. Most often, that means that there is a neutral or humble term for the speaker's side and a more respectful term for the listener's side: one area where this is very common is about body parts. | |||
{| class=" | |||
It is of great anthropological and historical interest how very often, for nouns, the higher register term is of Lahob origin, having cognates in most (if not all) other languages of the family, while the lower terms (i.e. the neutral or humble ones) are typically non-Lahob, from other indigenous languages of the Plain. This is consistent with Chlouvānem having been, in the centuries right after the Chlamiṣvatrā's lifetime, the local lingua franca and possessing a higher, and sacred, status. | |||
Verbs show a similar distinction, though with most verbs the humble and the neutral forms are the same – the only two exceptions being "to ask" and "to receive", as well as "to do" and "to suggest, advise" which have a distinct humble but not a respectful form. Every verb which does not have a specific respectful form uses the ''tilah'' auxiliary verb; respectful verbs are never used with ''tilah'', nor are their neutral-humble equivalents.<br/>In many cases, if a verb has a respectful equivalent then each derived form can be made respectful by switching the root verb (e.g. ''muṣke'', ''paṣmuṣke'' "to ask"; "to interrogate" → respectful forms ''pṛdhake'', ''paṣpṛdhake''). | |||
{| class="redtable lightredbg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Most common terms with honorific speech alternatives | |||
|- | |||
! English !! Humble !! Neutral !! Respectful | |||
|- | |||
! advice, tip, suggestion | |||
| titta || colspan=2 | smārṣas | |||
|- | |||
! to ask | |||
| yacce <small>(√yac- '''(3)''')</small><br/><small>(also ''yaccechlašake'')</small> || muṣke <small>(√muṣ- '''(u → i)''')</small> || pṛdhake <small>(√pṛdh-)</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! cup of tea<ref>The humble-neutral form is almost never used (and in fact means "cup with tea"), as ''ñimbha'' is typically found in teahouses' and restaurants' menus, and used by waiters towards customers.</ref> | ||
| colspan=2 |<small>''lunąis lā galtha''</small> || ñimbha | |||
|- | |- | ||
! to do, act, make | |||
| chlašake <small>(√chlaš-)</small> || colspan=2 | dṛke <small>(√dṛ-)</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! ear | ||
| yophus || colspan=2 | minnūlia | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! eye | ||
| ṭaunis || mešīn<br/>nāhim <small>''(medical)''</small> || mešīn | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! father | ||
| colspan=2 | bunā || tāmvāram | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! foot | ||
| kilka || colspan=2 | junai | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! gift | ||
| comboe<br/><small>''the speaker receives''</small> || yauṭoe || dvyauṇoe<br/><small>''the listener, or respected third party, receives''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! to give | ||
| colspan=2 | męlike || naiṣake | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! hand | ||
| kleina || colspan=2 | dhāna | |||
|- | |- | ||
! husband | |||
| snūṣṭras || colspan=2 | šulañšoe | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! leg | ||
| miṇṭha || colspan=2 | pājya | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! to meet | ||
| colspan=2 | vuryake || naimake | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! meeting, encounter | ||
| colspan=2 | voryanah || naimoe | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! mother | ||
| colspan=2 | meinā || nāḍima | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! to receive | ||
| combake <small>(√comb-)</small><br/><small>''the speaker receives''</small> || yoṭṭe <small>(√yoṭ-)</small> || dvyūlke <small>(√dvyūṇ- '''(3)''')</small><br/><small>''the listener, or respected third party, receives''</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! request, question | |||
| icūm || muṣas || pardha | |||
|- | |- | ||
! to suggest, advise | |||
| tittake <small>(√titt-)</small> || colspan=2 | smārṣake <small>(√smārṣ-)</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! wife | ||
|} | | laleichim || colspan=2 | ħaitlañši | ||
|} | |||
==="Thinking" in Chlouvānem=== | ==="Thinking" in Chlouvānem=== | ||