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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions
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Words written through the hyphen (-) indicates an insertion of a case ending. When used with cases other than nominative or accusative, a possessive suffix always comes after a case ending, so it is sometimes called a postfix. For example: ''utuovjau'' - "on his/her hand". When a plural number of a possession must be indicated, a plural ending is used instead of a singular one. If a word is a subject or a direct object of a sentence, then a corresponding plural ending is added before a possessive suffix: ''oivakēk'' - "their head", ''oivahkēk'' - "their heads" (the nominative plural ending ''-k'' changes into ''-h-'' due to a consonant gradation). | Words written through the hyphen (-) indicates an insertion of a case ending. When used with cases other than nominative or accusative, a possessive suffix always comes after a case ending, so it is sometimes called a postfix. For example: ''utuovjau'' - "on his/her hand". When a plural number of a possession must be indicated, a plural ending is used instead of a singular one. If a word is a subject or a direct object of a sentence, then a corresponding plural ending is added before a possessive suffix: ''oivakēk'' - "their head", ''oivahkēk'' - "their heads" (the nominative plural ending ''-k'' changes into ''-h-'' due to a consonant gradation). | ||
===Declension types=== | |||
There are many noun declension types (called ''onnevinsātuarek'' "word bending patterns"). Most of these forms are archaic and more common ones are used instead by analogy. Words in nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and illative cases are represented in the table below. Here are some of the most common patterns: | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 1, oiva - "head" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''oiva'' || ''oivak'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''oivā'' || ''oivamma'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''oivū'' || ''oivadū'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''oivid'' || ''oivīd'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''oivoan'' || ''oivakōn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 2, pärä - "bark" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pärä'' || ''päräk'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''päreä'' || ''pärämme'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''pärui'' || ''pärädui'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''päräid'' || ''pärīd'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pärēn'' || ''päräkēn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 2, pienkä - "wind" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''pienkä'' || ''piennäk'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''pienneä'' || ''piennämme'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''piennui'' || ''pienkädui'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''piennäid'' || ''piennīd'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''pienkēn'' || ''pienkäkēn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 4, lakō - "small" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''lakō'' || ''laok'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''lakauta'' || ''laomma'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''lakauju'' || ''lakōdū'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''laojcid'' || ''laojdid'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''lakavōn'' || ''laovkōn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 5, kude - "morning" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''kude'' || ''kudeik'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''kudeja'' || ''kudeimma'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''kudeju'' || ''kudeidū'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''kudejcid'' || ''kudejdid'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''kudejōn'' || ''kudeikōn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 6, ňihke - "fish" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''ňihke'' || ''ňihkēk'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''ňihestä'' || ''ňihesne'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''ňihkešu'' || ''ňihkedui'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''ňihehcid'' || ''ňihejīd'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''ňihkesēn'' || ''ňiheskēn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
| | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Tuare 7, setä - "five" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Case | |||
! colspan="2" | Example | |||
|- | |||
! sg !! pl | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Nominative case|nominative]] || ''setä'' || ''sennäk'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Accusative case|accusative]] || ''sentä'' || ''sennäme'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Genitive case|genitive]] || ''seňňu'' || ''setädui'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''sencid'' || ''seňňīd'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Illative case|illative]] || ''sennēn'' || ''setäkēn'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
|} | |||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||