User:Waahlis/Vrka: Difference between revisions

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User:Waahlis/Vrka (view source)

Revision as of 11:15, 8 September 2013

1,369 bytes removed ,  8 September 2013
To begin with.
m (Waahlis moved page User:Waahlis/Namic to User:Waahlis/Ris 2.0 without leaving a redirect)
(To begin with.)
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|image = Namaktavaka.png
|image = Namaktavaka.png
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Namic
|name = Ris
|nativename = Nāmmaktavāka
|nativename = रिस
|pronunciation = /naːmːat͡ʃtavaːka/
|pronunciation = /ɹɪs/
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]
|region = [[w:South Asia|South Asia]]
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]]
|states = [[w:Iran|Iran]]
|speakers = 245,000
|speakers = Enough.
|date = 2012
|date = 2013
|familycolor = Language isolate
|familycolor = Language isolate
|fam1 = [[Attamian languages|Attamian]]
|fam1 = [[Attamian languages|Attamian]]
|fam2 = [[Attamian languages#Neumatic languages|Neumatic]]
|fam2 = [[Attamian languages#Neumatic languages|Neumatic]]
|fam3 = [[Attamian languages#Central|Central]]
|fam3 = [[Attamian languages#Central|Central]]
|fam4 = [[Namic]]
|fam4 = [[Ris]]
|ancestor = [[Namic#Middle Namic|Namic]]
|ancestor = '''Namic'''
|dia1 = Namic Proper
|dia1 = Ris Proper
|dia2 = Rayan
|dia2 = Rayan
|dia3 = Parsa
|dia3 = Parsa
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|iso3 = nam
|iso3 = nam
|script        = [[Natscript:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script        = [[Natscript:Devanagari|Devanagari]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        = Akadēmia Nāmmaktavāka
|agency        =  
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}


'''Namic''', /ˈnɑːmɪk/ or /ˈnɛɪ̯mɪk/ (Namic Devanagari:  '''नाम्मकतवाक¨''', Latin: '''Nāmmaktavāka''' [[IPA for Namic|/naːmːat͡ʃtavaːka/]])  is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian]] language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to both [[Attian]] and [[Damian]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages.
'''Ris''', /ɹɪs/, (Devanagari:  '''रिस''', Latin: '''Ris''' [[IPA for Ris|/ɹɪs/]])  is an Rana language, a constructed ''a priori'' language related to [[Kiwi]]. It draws inspiration from mainly the [[w:Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages, with inspiration from the nonconcatenative morphology of the [[w:Semitic|Semitic]] languages.
 
The language is tripartite and heavily fusional. Namic has lost the stress system of the [[Proto-Attamian]] language, and inherited a now grammaticalised tonal system which only applies to long and short vowels.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.


==Background==
==Background==
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


:''See also: [[IPA for Namic]]''
:''See also: [[IPA for Ris]]''
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


The following table portraits Namic's phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when succeding consonants, and breathy-voice when preceding vowels. "Nh", is an exception, being a velar nasal.
The following table portraits Ris' phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when following consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
|+Phonology and Orthography
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Labiodental
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Glottal
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
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|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal
| colspan="2"|m [m]
| colspan="2"|m /m/
|
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
| colspan="2"|n [n̪]
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ṇ''' /ɳ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ṇ [ɳ]
|[ɲ]
|(ɲ)
| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
| colspan="2"|(ŋ)
| colspan="2" rowspan="8"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
|bh [bʱ]
|'''bh''' /bʱ/
|b [b]
|'''b''' /b/
|
|'''dh''' /d̪ʱ/
|dh [d̪ʱ]
|'''d''' /d̪/
|d [d̪]
|'''ḍh''' /ɖʱ/
|ḍh [ɖʱ]
|'''ḍ''' /ɖ/
|ḍ [ɖ]
|'''j''' /ɟ/
|ȷ [ɟ]
|'''gh''' /gʱ/
|gh [gʱ]
|'''g''' /g/
|g [g]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
|ph [pʰ]
|'''ph''' /pʰ/
|p [p]
|'''p''' /p/
|
|'''th''' /t̪ʰ/
|th [t̪ʰ]
|'''t''' /t̪/
|t [t̪]
|'''ṭh''' /ʈʰ/
|ṭh [ʈʰ]
|'''ṭ''' /ʈ/
|ṭ [ʈ]
|'''c''' /c/
|ȷ [c]
|'''kh''' /kʰ/
|kh [kʰ]
|'''k''' /k/
|k [k]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Affricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Affricatives
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|py [p͡ɸ]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|
|
|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|dy [ɖ͡ʐ]
|ȷy [ɟ͡ʝ]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2"|by [b͡β]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="5" rowspan="1"|'''ć''' /c͡ç ~ t͡ʃ/
|
|
| colspan="4" rowspan="1"|ty [ʈ͡ʂ]
|ky [c͡ç]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|v [v]
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''y''' /ʐ/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|y [ʐ]
|
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"| [ɸ]
|v [f]
| colspan="2"|'''s''' /s̪/
| colspan="2"|s [s̪]
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ṣ''' /ʂ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|ṣ [ʂ]
|'''ś''' /ɕ/
|
|
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x/
| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|h [x]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|r [r]
|
|
|
|
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| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approxim.
! colspan="2"| Approximant
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|(v [w])
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ṛ''' /ɻ/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
|
|ı [j]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|h [h]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!style="background: ;"|<small>voiceless</small>
! colspan="2"| Lat. Approximant
| colspan="2"|
|(v [ʍ])
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''ḷ''' /ɭ/
|
|
|
|colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|
|}
|}
Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> is considered dialectal.
Please note that all retroflex consonants and the dental trill rhoticise the surrounding consonants. The pronunciation of <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> is considered dialectal.
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|}
|}


Nota bene
Nota bene:


There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs [c - ɟ], [ç -ʝ], and [v - f]/[w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme each: <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ȷ<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>hy<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, and <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>v<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span> respectively. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see [[Nāmic#Consonant Assimilation| Consonant Assimilation]].
There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs /β - ɸ/ and [w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme ; ⟨v⟩. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see [[Ris#Consonant Assimilation| Consonant Assimilation]].


Thus, our conclusion is that the word '''vāka'''- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈfaːxa].
Thus, our conclusion is that the word '''vāka'''- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈvaːxa].
 
====Affricates====
In addition to these, there's a multitude of digraphs with corresponding affricates. It is important to note that the four digraphs <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>pt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>vt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>kt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>, and <span style="font-size: 125%;">⟨</span>ȷt<span style="font-size:125%;">⟩</span>symbolise consonant clusters with an affricate onset. They are not affected by lenition.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+Affricate clusters
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Cluster
!colspan="2" scope="col"|Grapheme
|-
|colspan="2"|[p͡ɸt]
|colspan="2"|Pt
|-
|colspan="2"|[b͡βd]
|colspan="2"|Bt
|-
|colspan="2"|[t͡ʃt]
|colspan="2"|Kt
|-
|colspan="2"|[d͡ʒd]
|colspan="2"|Jt
|}


====Consonant Assimilation====
====Consonant Assimilation====
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/11832"

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