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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions
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==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
Verbs in West Carpathian belong to one of ten main groups depending on the stem type. Nine types are called the regular types and have the same set of personal endings, but the stems undergo different changes when inflected, while the last one is the irregular type and can have different endings. The first two and the tenth types are called simple and the rest are compound, because they are created with a special suffix. | |||
===Conjugation=== | |||
As an example a I type verb ''māli'' "to talk" and its negative counterpart ''ēmai'' "not to talk" are given in the table below. The first verb is regular and it is easy to show different personal endings, using it, while the second verb has an irregular ''-k-'' in some endings. Only tenses of an indicative mood are listed here. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"| || colspan="8" | indicative mood | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | present tense | |||
! colspan="2" | past tense | |||
! colspan="2" | perfect | |||
! colspan="2" | pluperfect | |||
|- | |||
! person || number | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | sg. | |||
| mālel || ēmal || māllō || ēmālō || mālilid || ēmailid || ian mālinna || ian ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| māles || ēmas || mālsē || ēmāsē || mālisī || ēmaisī || iak mālinna || iak ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| māľu || ēmāču || māluvā || ēmākuvā || māliňu || ēmaiňu || īka mālinna || īka ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 1st || rowspan="3" | pl. | |||
| mālelki || ēmalki || mālulki || ēmākulki || mālluok || ēmāluok || iskau mālinna || iskau ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd | |||
| māleski || ēmaski || māluski || ēmākuski || mālseik || ēmāseik || ingak mālinna || ingak ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd | |||
| māluki || ēmauki || mālumpā || ēmākumpā || mālpou || ēmāpou || īhka mālinna || īhka ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The pluperfect (almost the same as English past perfect) uses the auxillary verb ''īkā'', which can be translated as "to have been/done" in English, and and an infinitive V of verbs, which in this case is similar to an active participle, like English "talking". | |||
===Other moods=== | |||
The three other moods are conditional, potential and imperative. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| || colspan="4" | Imperative mood | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | imperfect | |||
! colspan="2" | perfect | |||
|- | |||
! person | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st sg. | |||
| mālkōnō || ēmakkōnō || ihōnō mālinna || ihōnō ēmālō | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd sg. | |||
| mālkē || ēmakkē || ihē mālinna || ihē ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd sg. | |||
| mālkājā || ēmkkājā || ījā mālinna || ījā ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 1st pl. | |||
| mālkoskō || ēmakoskō || ihoskō mālinna || ihoskō ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd pl. | |||
| mālkēnek || ēmakkēnek || ihēnek mālinna || ihēnek ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd pl. | |||
| mālenkai || ēmankai || īhenkai mālinna || īhenkai ēmainna | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
When used with the third person the verb corresponds to English "let him/her (do)", while an imperative for the first person is usually called optative and is treated as a separate mood, for example the translation of ''mālkōnō'' in English is "I wish I will talk (to somebody)", and ''ihōnō mālinna'' - "If only I talked (to somebody)". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"| || colspan="4" | Conditional mood || colspan="4" | Potential mood | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | imperfect | |||
! colspan="2" | perfect | |||
! colspan="2" | imperfect | |||
! colspan="2" | perfect | |||
|- | |||
! person | |||
! affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative || affirmative || negative | |||
|- | |||
! 1st sg. | |||
| mālcal || ēmahcal || mālcihō || ēmahcihō || mālansel || ēmākansel || mālanšō || ēmākanšō | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd sg. | |||
| mālcas || ēmahcas || mālcihē || ēmahcihē || mālanses || ēmākanses || mālanšē || ēmākanšē | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd sg. | |||
| mālcaju || ēmahcaju || mālciuhā || ēmahciuhā || mālaňšu || ēmākaňšu || mālanšā || ēmākanšā | |||
|- | |||
! 1st pl. | |||
| mālcelka || ēmahcelka || mālcihōlka || ēmahcihōlka || mālansalke || ēmākansalke || mālanšōlke || ēmākanšōlke | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd pl. | |||
| mālceska || ēmahceska || mālcihōska || ēmahcihōska || mālansaske || ēmākansaske || mālanšōske || ēmākanšōske | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd pl. | |||
| mālčauka || ēmahčauka || mālcihōpā || ēmahcihōpā || mālaňšauke || ēmākaňšauke || mālanšōpā || ēmākanšōpā | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be". | |||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] | ||