User:Waahlis/Vrka: Difference between revisions

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→‎Phonology
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==


:''See also: [[IPA for Ris]]''
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is the Ris inventory of consonants.


The following table portraits Ris' phonetic inventory of consonants. All consonants, except aspirated ones, may be geminated, which is phonemic, and represented by doubling the grapheme. The letter /h/ represents aspiration when following consonants.
Gemination is not phonemic. The letter /h/ represents [[w:Aspirated consonants|aspiration]] when following consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px;"
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
|+'''Phonology and Orthography'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Bilabial
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Dental
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|Retroflex
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="background: ;"|[[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Palatal
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Velar
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
!  style="background: ;"| <small>aspirated</small>
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! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>unaspirated</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Nasal
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Nasal consonants|Nasal]]
| colspan="2"|m /m/
| colspan="2"|m /m/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n̪/
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| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
| colspan="2"|[ŋ]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Plosives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Plosive consonants|Plosives]]
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
!  style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
|'''bh''' /bʱ/
|'''bh''' /bʱ/
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|'''k''' /k/
|'''k''' /k/
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Affricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Affricate consonants|Affricates]]
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"| <small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
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| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|Fricatives
! rowspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
! style="background: ;"|<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
| colspan="2"|'''v''' /β/
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x/
| colspan="1" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /x/
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|[[w:Trill consonant|Trills]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
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| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2"| Approximant
! colspan="2"| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɹ/
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| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2"| Lat. Approximant
! colspan="2"| [[w:Lateral approximant consonant|Lat. Approximant]]
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
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====Retroflex sandhi====
====Retroflex sandhi====
Retroflex sandhi, ''raṛisaṃdhi'', occurs at the morpheme boundaries or clusters containing a retroflex consonant.  
Retroflex [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], ''raṛisaṃdhi'', occurs at the morpheme boundaries or clusters containing a retroflex consonant.  


{{Scriptgloss
{{Scriptgloss
|script = वृत
|script = वृत
|phrase = vṛta
|phrase = vṛta
|IPA = /ˈvɚtɑ/ → /ˈvɚʈɑ/
|IPA = /ˈβɚtɑ/ → /ˈβɚʈɑ/
| morphemes = vṛta-∅
| morphemes = vṛta-∅
| gloss = land.INAN.SG-PAT
| gloss = land.INAN.SG-PAT
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====Nasal sandhi====
====Nasal sandhi====
The nasal sandhi, or ''anaśisaṃdhi'', works in a similar way to the retroflex one. The nasal stops assimilate to the place of articulation of the adjacent sound, including to retroflex consonants.
The nasal [[w:sandhi|sandhi]], or ''anaśisaṃdhi'', works in a similar way to the retroflex one. The nasal stops assimilate to the place of articulation of the adjacent sound, including to retroflex consonants.


{{Scriptgloss
{{Scriptgloss
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|IPA = /anˈkʰʊːtɪ/ → /aŋˈkʰʊːtɪ/
|IPA = /anˈkʰʊːtɪ/ → /aŋˈkʰʊːtɪ/
| morphemes = am-khūti-∅
| morphemes = am-khūti-∅
| gloss = down-to_run.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| gloss = down-to_fall.VN.INAN.SG-PAT
| translation = downfall
| translation = downfall
}}
}}
====Voicedness sandhi====
Sandhi due to [[w:voicedness|voicedness]], known as ''ūkasaṃdhi'' in Ris, causes some consonants to change their [[w:phonation|phonation]] in morpheme boundaries.
====Lenition====
====Lenition====
In addition to the consonants above, Nāmic suffers from severe allophony, '''lenition''', caused when:
Ris also  suffers from severe [[w:lenition|lenition]], or  caused when:


*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in medial position between two vowels.
*Consonants lie in final position in lexemes - '''Not '''in syllables.
*Consonants lie in final position in words, but not in syllables.


The aspirated consonants become completely spirantisised, whilst the unaspirated phonemes become affricates. The exceptions are the velars, which all become fricatives. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.
The [[w:aspirated consonant|aspirated consonant]]s become completely [[w:spirantisation|spirantisised]], whilst the unaspirated phonemes become [[w:affricate|affricate]]s. The exceptions are the velars, which all become [[w:fricative consonant|fricative]]s. The nasal consonants, affricates, trills and approximants remain unaffected.


Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenitioned consonants.
Please note that the phonemes without brackets are the non-lenited consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px;"
|+Allophony
|+'''Lenition'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
! colspan="2"|Bilabial
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|}
|}


Nota bene:
There is additional allophony, regarding phonation. The pairs /β - ɸ/ and [w - ʍ], are only represented by one grapheme ; ⟨v⟩. Their voiced counterpart is an allophone - see [[Ris#Consonant Assimilation| Consonant Assimilation]].
Thus, our conclusion is that the word '''vāka'''- voice, speach - shouldn't be pronounced [ˈvaːka], but rather [ˈvaːxa].


====Consonant Assimilation====
====Consonant Assimilation====
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.
Nāmic possesses a progressive consonant assimilation word-internally, based upon phonation, or voicedness.


The consequence is that a consonant, a cluster, or an affricate, is pronounced differently, depending on whether it is preceded by a voiced or voiceless consonant. There are exceptions to this rule, since the alveolar trill [r] and the retroflex tap [ɽ] do not differ between voicedness.
The nasal stops are affected quite differently, with a complete nasalisation of the preceding vowel - and loss of the stop - if the initial or first consonant is ''voiced''. However, nasals are perceived as neutral in nature, and does therefore not affect voiceless nor voiced phonemes.
There are, however, two dialects of Nāmic;
*''Sthānta'', which means "current, dominating".


*''Austikā'', which means "golden, posh".
The Sthānta dialect will be featured in this article, and is the main dialect that distinguishes consonant assimilaton upon voicedness.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/11867"

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