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West Carpathian grammar: Difference between revisions
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The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be". | The conditional mood corresponds mostly to "would" or "should" or to the past subjunctive in English. The potential mood describes things that might possibly happen, though its probability is not certain, similarly to English "may/might", and it is always formed agglutinatively in compound verbs. The imperfect forms of these moods are used to indicate present or future events, while perfect is used in sentences with verbs in the past tense. Compound verbs form differently: ''āsēni šeiteviu, tāpahtēlki'' - "If the weather is fine, we will go for a walk", where ''šeiteviu'' is formed from the adjective ''šeiti'' "fine, clear" by adding a suffix ''-evi'' meaning "to may be". | ||
===Infinitives=== | ===Infinitives=== | ||
West Carpathian has ten infinitive forms, denoted with roman numerals or with typical verb endings. | |||
====Infinitive I==== | |||
The infinitive I or the i-infinitive is a dictionary form of verbs. The ending of this infinitive is ''-i'' with a stem modification due to a consonant gradation and (seldom) alteration. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''māl-'' || ''māli'' || to talk | |||
|- | |||
| ''čēp-'' || ''čēpi'' || to boil | |||
|- | |||
| ''īl-'' || ''īli'' || to hear | |||
|} | |||
When a stem ends in a vowel, the suffix can become either -ji or -di, depending on what consonant was present in that place historically (weak grade consonant ''-g-'' was lost completely, but turned into -j- before this ending). | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''kui-'' || ''kuoidi'' || to melt | |||
|- | |||
| ''ňei-'' || ''ňieji'' || to give | |||
|- | |||
| ''kā-'' || ''kāji'' || to bake | |||
|} | |||
If stems end with -v-, -ll-, -ss- -h-, then a strong grade (-hp-, -ht-, -hc-, -hk- respectively) will appear in the infinitive. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''kōv-'' || ''koahpi'' || to dig | |||
|- | |||
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähti'' || to wash | |||
|- | |||
| ''kauss-'' || ''kāvahci'' || to feel | |||
|- | |||
| ''tūh-'' || ''tuohki'' || to pull | |||
|} | |||
====Infinitive II==== | |||
Also called the supine, the infinitive II is used to express a purpose of action and is usually translated as English "in order to". Its endings are ''-itān'' or ''-etān''. These endings trigger the same gradation as the infinitive I with only few exceptions. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''māl-'' || ''māletān'' || in order to talk | |||
|- | |||
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähtitān'' || in order to wash | |||
|- | |||
| ''īl-'' || ''īlitān'' || in order to hear | |||
|} | |||
There are few irregular exceptions: | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''pirj-'' || ''pirkitān'' || in order to remain | |||
|- | |||
| ''pao-'' || ''poahotān'' || in order to fall | |||
|- | |||
| ''miänn-'' || ''miänitān'' || in order to recall | |||
|} | |||
====Infinitive III==== | |||
The third infinitive expresses process of action and is equivalent to English "while/when doing". It can be recognized by the ''-mēn/-mōn'' ending. The gradation pattern is different from previous infinitives, since it triggers the weak grade. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''māl-'' || ''malmōn'' || while talking | |||
|- | |||
| ''kui-'' || ''kuimōn'' || while boiling | |||
|- | |||
| ''pao-'' || ''paomōn'' || while falling | |||
|} | |||
If the weak grade is a geminate consonant, or a consonant that would create a cluster difficult to pronounce, then -e- or -a- is inserted between them and the ending. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''kōv-'' || ''kōvamōn'' || while digging | |||
|- | |||
| ''nēll-'' || ''nēllemēn'' || while washing | |||
|- | |||
| ''kauss-'' || ''kaussemōn'' || while feeling | |||
|- | |||
| ''miänn-'' || ''miännemēn'' || while recalling | |||
|} | |||
====Infinitive IV==== | |||
The infinitive IV is used to express the end of action and is equivalent to English "having done". The ending is ''-esta'' which triggers the same gradation as the infinitive I. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive I !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''māl-'' || ''malesta'' || having talked | |||
|- | |||
| ''miänn-'' || ''miäntesta'' || having recalled | |||
|- | |||
| ''pao-'' || ''poadesta'' || having fallen | |||
|} | |||
====Infinitive V==== | |||
This infinitive corresponds to the English gerund ("verb + -ing" form), and can behave as a noun in that it can be inflected. It is used to refer to a particular act or a manner of action (used in an instrumental case). The usual ending is ''-innä/-inna'', which changes into ''-män-/-man-'' while declining. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''māl-'' || ''mālinna'' || talking | |||
|- | |||
| ''nēll-'' || ''niähtimännä'' || (the manner of) washing | |||
|- | |||
| ''īl-'' || ''īlinnä'' || hearing | |||
|- | |||
| ''kui-'' || ''kuoidimanoan'' || into (the process of) boiling | |||
|} | |||
====Infintive VI==== | |||
The sixth infinitive has the stem ending ''-vet/-vat'' and indicates obligation and ''-vettēn/-vattoan'', which expresses necessity. Nowadays the second suffix is rarely used, since there is a verb ''terväi'' "to need", which comes from a noun ''tervä'' "need", and can be used with the infinitive V. Infinitive VI triggers the same gradation as the infinitive III, with an exception of verb stems, that require an insertion of -e-. | |||
:{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Verb stem !! Infinitive II !! English translation | |||
|- | |||
| ''parmāl-'' || ''parmalvat'' || must be talked about | |||
|- | |||
| ''nēll-'' || ''nēllevettēn'' || it's necessary to wash | |||
|- | |||
| ''sam-'' || ''sammevat'' || must be seen | |||
|- | |||
| ''kui-'' || ''kuivattoan'' || it's necessary to boil | |||
|} | |||
These endings are impersonal, but they can be used with any other person, for example: ''malvas hoa par'' "you must talk about it", ''īlivehcēn hoa'' - "you'd better hear this". | |||
====Infinitive VII==== | |||
Infinitive VII can occasionally be used in folklore, but not in everyday speech. Its ending is ''-vassi'' and it is translated into English as "asked to do". It is used in the indirect speech, like in ''sun pilsē kuivassi sieceä'' "he/she asked to boil the water", and nowadays infinitive II would used in this place. | |||
====Infinitive VIII and IX==== | |||
These are conditional and potential infinitives and are short forms of conditional and potential clauses, for example ''pelcin'' - "if to sing (imperfect)" and ''pelcihēn'' - "if to have sung (perfect)". Endings ''-anset'' and ''-anšōn'' are used for infintive IX, but its usage is uncommon in modern day speech. But infinitive VIII is seldom used, like in ''āsēni hārācin, tolātelki dāva'' "weather permitting, we will be there in time. (''āsēni šeiteviu'' - "if the weather is fine" can also be used instead, but literally it would be translated as "weather may (or may not) be fine"). | |||
====Infinitive X==== | |||
The infintive X is obsolete in modern day speech and can often be found only in one verb ''jiedi'' "to know", the infinitive of which is ''jīnki'' and means "as far as it is known". Personal endings can be added to it (this feature developed later after the division of the Carpathian languages), the most commonly used ''jīngin'' "as far as I know" or ''jinginka'' "as far as we know". | |||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] | ||