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Grammatical gender is a pervasive feature of Atlantic morphology but, due to the loss of most final vowels, often there is no synchronic rule to determine the gender of the noun directly from its form; some particular word-forming suffixes are however always of the same gender, as for example the always feminine ''-òdig'' (< <small>-ĀTICVM</small>; cf. ''na iòdig'' "the journey", ''na curòdig'' "courage"). Loss of Latin neuter and reassignment of those nouns to other genders often applied in different ways than in other Romance languages, so for example there's feminine ''ra nom'' "the name" (< <small>NŌMEN</small>) and ''na raum'' "the river" (< <small>FLV̄MEN</small>), and masculine ''it tìmpur'' "the time" (< reanalyzed nom/acc stem *temp-or, a regular development in Atlantic, see also ''in gìnir'' "the type" < *gen-er, ''ir nàidur'' "the shore" < *līt-or, ''in cùrbur'' "the body" < *corp-or).<br/>Despite this, some feminine words not ending with ''-a'' in Latin were modified in order to end that way, a notable example being ''na uçora'' (< *uxōram < <small>VXŌREM</small>) "the wife". | Grammatical gender is a pervasive feature of Atlantic morphology but, due to the loss of most final vowels, often there is no synchronic rule to determine the gender of the noun directly from its form; some particular word-forming suffixes are however always of the same gender, as for example the always feminine ''-òdig'' (< <small>-ĀTICVM</small>; cf. ''na iòdig'' "the journey", ''na curòdig'' "courage"). Loss of Latin neuter and reassignment of those nouns to other genders often applied in different ways than in other Romance languages, so for example there's feminine ''ra nom'' "the name" (< <small>NŌMEN</small>) and ''na raum'' "the river" (< <small>FLV̄MEN</small>), and masculine ''it tìmpur'' "the time" (< reanalyzed nom/acc stem *temp-or, a regular development in Atlantic, see also ''in gìnir'' "the type" < *gen-er, ''ir nàidur'' "the shore" < *līt-or, ''in cùrbur'' "the body" < *corp-or).<br/>Despite this, some feminine words not ending with ''-a'' in Latin were modified in order to end that way, a notable example being ''na uçora'' (< *uxōram < <small>VXŌREM</small>) "the wife". | ||
====Pluralization patterns==== | |||
Atlantic has four different pluralization patterns (traditionally still referred to as "declensions" (''decrinoçonet'') by native grammarians), but for three of them it is not possible to predict which one is used just from the singular form. Only the first and second, however, are productive: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Declension !! Singular marker !! Plural marker !! Scope | |||
|- | |||
! First declension<br/><small>''prima decrinoçon''</small> | |||
| -a || rowspan=2 | -ot || Almost all feminine nouns, a few masculines | |||
|- | |||
! Second declension<br/><small>''siguna decrinoçon''</small> | |||
| rowspan=3 | -∅ || Masculine nouns (their majority) | |||
|- | |||
! Third declension<br/><small>''tirça decrinoçon''</small> | |||
| -a || Masculine nouns | |||
|- | |||
! Fourth declension<br/><small>''porda decrinoçon''</small> | |||
| -et || Masculine and feminine nouns | |||
|} | |||
Their numeration only partially reflects the Latin system: while the first and second Atlantic declensions generally continue the same-numbered Latin ones, the third Atlantic declension is a catch-all for neuters-turned-masculines (all neuters-turned-feminines have been reanalyzed), while the fourth Atlantic declension corresponds to the Latin third. Examples of plurals: | |||
* The first declension mostly continues Latin first declension feminine nouns: | |||
*: <small>CANDĒLAM, CANDĒLĀS</small> → ''candeua, candeuot'' "candle, candles" | |||
*: <small>AQVAM, AQVĀS</small> → ''aba, abot'' "water, waters" | |||
*: Some are Greek neuter nouns in ''-a'' which were generalized in the plural to be in *''-ās'' instead of ''-ta'': | |||
*:: <small>BAPTISMA</small>, *baptismās → ''bapsima, bapsimot'' "baptism, baptisms" | |||
*: <small>LV̄MINA</small>, plural of <small>LV̄MEN</small>, was reanalyzed as a feminine singular noun ''rumina'' "light" with the regular plural *lūminās → ''ruminot'' "lights" | |||
*: Greek masculine nouns in ''-a'' still follow this declension (e.g. all ''-ista'' → ''-istot''), as do the following two masculine exceptions: | |||
*:: <small>AGRICOLAM, AGRICOLĀS</small> → ''arìguea, arìguiot'' "farmer, farmers" | |||
*:: <small>NAVTAM, NAVTĀS</small> → ''nauda, naudot'' "sailor, sailors" | |||
*: Borrowings ending in ''-a'' are analyzed as feminine nouns of this declension: | |||
*:: Arabic برقوقة ''barqūqah'' → ''barcuga, barcugot'' "plum, plums" | |||
*:: Ar. ولاية ''wilāyah'' → ''uilaea, uilaiot'' "region, regions" | |||
* The second declension continues Latin second declension masculine nouns and reanalyzed fourth declension ones (with two exceptions noted below): | |||
*: <small>PVERVM, PVERŌS</small> → ''puir, puirot'' "boy, boys" | |||
*: <small>AGRVM, AGRŌS</small> → ''ar, arot'' "field, fields" | |||
*: <small>PORTVM</small>, *portōs → ''purid, puridot'' (arch. ''purdot'') "port, ports" | |||
*: Virtually all borrowings not ending in ''-a'' are analyzed as masculine nouns of this declension: | |||
*:: Berber ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ''agadir'' → ''agàdir, agàdirot'' "castle, castles" | |||
*:: Arabic سوق ''sūq'' → ''suc, sucot'' "market, markets" | |||
* The third declension, as mentioned before, contains all nouns which were originally neuter in Latin, independent of their declension, which were reanalyzed as masculines and therefore kept the ''-a'' plural ending. This declension includes all Latin third declension nouns following the <small>TEMPVS, TEMPORA</small> pattern, where the ''-or-'' or equivalent marker was reanalyzed as part of the stem even in the form that became the singular: | |||
*: <small>AVXILIVM, AVXILIA</small> → ''uçì, uçia'' "aid, aids" | |||
*: <small>PECV̄, PECVA</small> → ''pìgu, pìgua'' "pet, pets" | |||
*: *lītor, <small>LĪTORA</small> → ''nàidur, nàidura'' "shore, shores" | |||
*: *pector, <small>PECTORA</small> → ''pìstur, pìstura'' "chest, chests" | |||
* The fourth declension in Atlantic corresponds to the third one in Latin, and therefore contains both masculine and feminine nouns: | |||
*: <small>AMŌREM, AMŌRĒS</small> → ''amor, amoret'' "love; romantic affair, affairs" (m) | |||
*: <small>DVCEM, DVCĒS</small> → ''dug, duget'' "landlord, landlords" (m) | |||
*: <small>LĪMITEM, LĪMITĒS</small> → ''ràimid, ràimidet'' "border, borders" (m) | |||
*: <small>FLŌREM, FLŌRĒS</small> → ''unor, unoret'' "flower, flowers" (f) | |||
*: <small>NIVEM, NIVĒS</small> → ''nìu, nìuet'' "cold; cold day, cold days; snow, snows" (f) | |||
*: This declension also includes all neuters (mostly in <small>-EN</small>) which were reanalyzed as feminine: | |||
*:: <small>FLV̄MEN, FLV̄MINA</small> → *flūm-em, *flūm-ēs → ''raum, raumet'' "river, rivers" (f) | |||
*:: <small>FVLMEN, FVLMINA</small> → *fulm-em, *fulm-ēs → ''furim, furimet'' "lightning bolt, lightning bolts" (f) | |||
*: All Latin fifth declension nouns were also reanalyzed as feminine nouns of this declension: | |||
*:: <small>EFFIGIEM, EFFIGIĒS</small> → ''ifìu, ifìuet'' "portrait, portraits" (f) | |||
*:: <small>DIEM, DIĒS</small> → ''di, dìet'' "day, days" (f) | |||
*: Two lone feminine nouns of the Latin fourth declension remained feminine and therefore were reanalyzed according to this pattern: | |||
*:: <small>DOMVM</small>, *domēs → ''dum, dumet'' "palace, palaces" (f) | |||
*:: <small>MANVM</small>, *manēs → ''man, manet'' "hand, hands" (f) | |||
The following five nouns are considered irregular, as they do not fit any of the patterns above; however, they were all regular in Latin: | |||
* <small>NŌMEN, NŌMINA</small> → ''nom, nomina'' "name, names" (f) | |||
* <small>MARE, MARIA</small> → ''mar, marea'' "sea, seas" (f) | |||
* <small>REM, RĒS</small> → ''ri, ret'' "object, objects" (f) | |||
* <small>HOMŌ, HOMINĒS</small> → ''om, unnet'' "man, men" (m) | |||
* <small>ITER, ITINERA</small> → ''ìdir, idìnira'' "way(s), route(s), passage(s)" (m) | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||