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Proto-Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "'''Proto-Carpathian''' is the common ancestor of the Carpathian languages. Proto-Carpathian is not attested in any texts, but has been reconstructed by linguists. It is it...") |
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#'''Late Proto-Carpathian''', the last common ancestor of [[West Carpathian|West]] and [[East Carpathian]] (specifically Ränci and Puohō dialects). South Carpathian had already diverged at this point. | #'''Late Proto-Carpathian''', the last common ancestor of [[West Carpathian|West]] and [[East Carpathian]] (specifically Ränci and Puohō dialects). South Carpathian had already diverged at this point. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
Proto-Carpathian vowel inventory was almost identical to the Proto-Oronaic one having a large vowel inventory due to the vowel harmony and a distinct vowel length. Reduced vowels were also present and probably also developed new vowel harmony counterparts, though most of those distinctions are erased in modern languages. Here is a reconstruction of full vowels. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | | |||
! colspan=4 | Front | |||
! colspan=4 | Back | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | Unrounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Rounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Unrounded | |||
! colspan=2 | Rounded | |||
|- | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
! Short | |||
! Long | |||
|- | |||
! Close | |||
| i /i/ | |||
| ii /iː/ | |||
| ü /y/ | |||
| üü /yː/ | |||
| ï /ɯ/ | |||
| | |||
| u /u/ | |||
| uu /uː/ | |||
|- | |||
! Mid | |||
| e /e/ | |||
| ee /eː/ | |||
| ö /ø/ | |||
| öö /øː/ | |||
| ë /ɤ/ | |||
| ëë (/ɤː/) | |||
| o /o/ | |||
| oo /o/ | |||
|- | |||
! Open | |||
| ä /æ/ | |||
| ää /æː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| a /ɑ/ | |||
| a /ɑː/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Vowel *a /ɑ/ resulted from a secondary development and can give irregular results in daughter languages, for example: ''*tálu'' ("high") became ''tālu'' in West Carpathian and ''tallo'' in East Carpathian, but ''tolu'' in South Carpathian. | |||
Like in Proto-Oronaic, four reduced vowels were present, marked as *ə<sub>1</sub>, *ə<sub>2</sub>, *ə<sub>3</sub> and *ə<sub>4</sub>, which probably still remained an allophone of *ə<sub>3</sub> The actual realization of them is a question of not known precisely: vowel harmony also applied to those reduced vowels with *ə<sub>1</sub>-*ə<sub>2</sub>, *ë-*ə<sub>4</sub> and *ə<sub>3</sub>-*ə<sub>4</sub> contrasts. Most scholars analize them as following: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | | |||
! colspan=2 | Central | |||
|- | |||
! Unrounded | |||
! Rounded | |||
|- | |||
! Close-mid | |||
| ə<sub>1</sub> /ɘ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Mid | |||
| ə<sub>2</sub> /ə/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Open-mid | |||
| ə<sub>3</sub> /ɐ~ɜ/ | |||
| ə<sub>4</sub> /ɞ/ | |||
|} | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
The consonant inventory was different from Proto-Oronaic, generally being larger in Proto-Carpathian. Like modern Alpian languages it had a voiced-voiceless contrast as well as a plain-geminated one. [[w:Consonant gradation|Consonant gradation]] applied to most of these consonants. [[w:Palatalization|Palatalization]] was present in Proto-Carpathian and mostly resulted from consonant clusters with /j/, but some are of a Proto-Oronaic origin. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Traditional view | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| | |||
! Bilabial | |||
! Dental | |||
! Palatalized | |||
! Postalveolar | |||
! Velar | |||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Nasal | |||
| m | |||
| n | |||
| ń /nʲ ~ ɲ/ | |||
| | |||
| ŋ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Plosive | |||
! Voiceless | |||
| p | |||
| t | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| k | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! Voiced | |||
| b | |||
| d | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| g | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Fricatives | |||
! Voiceless | |||
| | |||
| s, θ | |||
| ś /sʲ ~ ɕ/ | |||
| š /ʃ/ | |||
| x | |||
| rowspan=2| h /h ~ ɦ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Voiced | |||
| (β) | |||
| (ð) | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| (ɣ) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Affricate | |||
| | |||
| c /t͡s/ | |||
| ć /t͡sʲ ~ t͡ɕ/ | |||
| č /t͡ʃ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Lateral | |||
| | |||
| l /l/ | |||
| ľ /lʲ ~ ʎ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Trill | |||
| | |||
| r /r/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| Approximant | |||
| w /w/ | |||
| | |||
| j /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Though being present in early South Carpathian, voiced affricates probably have not yet appeared and thus plain voiceless affricates *c, *ć and *č did not contrast with anything, being already a weak grade of their geminated counterparts. | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
==Later development== | ==Later development== | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Proto-languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Proto-languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||